Lady Macbeth is evil Essay

In my opinion, Lady Macbeth is portrayed by Shakespeare as an evil character, as she shows great ambition, she values power and wealth over human life, and she demonstrates cruelty throughout the play. Firstly, Lady Macbeth’s evil character is demonstrated by the reckless ambition she shows. ‘That no compunctious visitings of nature shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between the effect and it!’ she states. This shows that Lady Macbeth is willing to do anything to accomplish her evil ambitions, even if it means that she has to ignore human compassion which includes her gender, as she wishes the spirits to â€Å"unsex her†, to make her less like a women and more like a man. In that period of time, women were below men in society. Being able to have such thoughts as a woman under those circumstances at that time proves that Lady Macbeth is evil and her mind is filled with the lust for high ambition. Therefore, Lady Macbeth’s evilness drives out Macbe th’s ambition to become king and murder Duncan. Additionally, the way that Lady Macbeth values power over human life also shows her evil personality, when she says, ‘Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out’. This tells us that she would rather kill her own newborn baby by bashing his brains out, than break her own promise. Women were meant to show a soft, feminine nature in society at that time, however uses such vivid imageries, showing how hungry she is for power, and how cruel and evil she is as a female human being. This quote also tells Macbeth that he is weak and less of a man if he is unable to follow through with their plan, when she would be willing to kill her own blood, which shows the sheer force of her character that leads to Macbeth follow what she says. Furthermore, Lady Macbeth’s evilness is also demonstrated by her inhumanity, as she says, ’Why did you bring these daggers from the place? They must lie there. Go carry them and smear the sleepy grooms with blood.’ This shows that Lady Macbeth is only afraid of getting caught, but not guilty about what she has done, in addition she wants to make it seem even worse by smearing the grooms with blood and p assing the blame to innocent people. In this quote Lady Macbeth is scolding her husband for showing humanity and feeling frightened after performing a murder, which is a feeling that all normal people would have, as she finds this a cowardly behaviour, and this shows  her cold-hearted and evil nature. In conclusion, Lady Macbeth personality is expressed through her large ambition, the way that she desires power, and her cold-bloodedness. Therefore, one thinks that Lady Macbeth is evil.

Ballet Original

Ballet is a dance-drama performed by one or more dancers accompanied by music. Dancing, music, scenery, and costumes are combined with colorful artistry to express a mood, theme, or story. The dancers perform steps and pantomime carefully worked out by a dance arranger called a choreographer. Professional ballet dancing is a highly disciplined art that can be learned only through years of training. Dancers practice daily and masters the basic movements and steps so thoroughly that they are applied automatically when performing.Lessons for amateurs, including children, teach good posture and bodily grace and increase appreciation for professional performances. The purpose of this study is to know the in-depth history and of development of ballet. II. Discussion A. Development of ballet Ballet grew out of Renaissance court entertainments that were a mixture of dancing, singing, and acting. It became a serious art form in France during the reign of Louis XIV when it moved out of the cou rt ballroom and onto the theatrical stage.Jean Baptiste Lully, a French-Italian composer and dancer, included ballet interludes in his operas and in 1681 introduced women dancers to the public stage. About 1700 Pierre Beauchamp, A French dancing master who often collaborated with Lully, established the five positions of the feet on which all ballet steps are now based (Anderson, 2001). Ballet spread throughout Europe in the 18th century and the dancers became more skilled. Ballet costume, especially the women’s long, heavy dresses and high-heeled shoes, greatly restricted movement and made jumping steps difficult to perform.Marie Camargo and Marie Salle were among the ballerinas who advocated freer movement. Camargo wore ankle-length skirts and heelless shoes, and is credited with introducing the entrechat-quatre. Salle often danced in a simple draped gown, stressing expressive, natural movement. About the middle of the 18th century Jean Georges Noverre, a French dancer and c horeographer, led the movement that established the ballet d’action (dramatic ballet). The spoken interludes that furthered the plot were replaced by pantomime and the corps de ballet became more important (Pasevska, 2000).Gaetan Vestris and his son Auguste were the unrivaled male dancers of the period. In the Nineteenth Century there were many changes in ballet. The ballerina added the technique of dancing sur les pointes (on her toes) and reduced the male dancer to the role of an unimportant partner. The Romantic Movement in literature, music, and painting also affected ballet. Mythological subjects were discarded in favor of themes based on the supernatural and on folk legends. Maria Taglioni, Fanny Elssler, and Carlotta Grissi were among the great ballerinas of the Romantic era.Taglioni introduced the tutu while dancing in La Sylphide (1832); Elssler introduced the character dance, a stylized folk dance. Grissi created the title role of Giselle (1841), the classic ballet of the Romantic age (Clarke & Crisp, 2000). Carlo Blasis, an Italian dancer and teacher, established a system of dance training in The Code of Terpsichore (1830) and is credited with originating the attitude pose. Blasis’s theories were carried to Russia, which became the ballet center in the second half of the century. Marius Petipa, a French dancer and ballet master working in St.Petersburg, created the full-length (three- or four-act) classic ballet. Classic ballets, such as The Sleeping Beauty (1890) and Swan Lake (1895), emphasized dancing for the sake of dancing. Costume, scenery, story, and music played a minor role so as not to distract from the dancing. Twentieth-century Reforms. Many Russian dancers rejected the spectacular entertainment style of the classic ballet. As early as 1904 Michel Fokine, a dancer and choreographer, submitted his plan for ballet reform to the Imperial Theater.He believed the dancing should express the feelings of the characters portrayed an d that the music, decor, and theme should be in harmony, complementing each other. After seeing the American dancer Isadora Duncan performed in 1905, Fokine incorporated her ideas of freedom of movement and rhythmic expression into the discipline of ballet (Koegler, 2002). When the Russian impresario Serge Diaghilev presented the Ballets Russes in Paris in 1909, Fokine was the choreographer. His Les Sylphides marked the beginning of the modern era of ballet.Leading composers, artists, and writers created music, stories, and decor (scenery and costumes) for ballets Russes performances. Fokine created The Firebird (1910) and Petrouchka (1911), both with music by Igor Stravinsky. Ballets Russes dancers included Anna Pavlova, Ida Rubinstein, Adolphe Bolm, and Vaslav Nijinsky and his sister Bronislava. Nijinsky choreographed three famous ballets—Afternoon of a Faun (1812) and Jeaux (1913), both with music by Debussy, and The Rite of Spring (1913), with music by Stravinsky.After 19 14, Leonide Massine became the leading choreographer of the Ballets Russes. He created Parade (1917), music by Eric Satie, story by Jean Cocteau, decor by Picasso; and The Three-Cornered Hat (1919), music by Manuel de falla and decor by Picasso (Dufort, 2004). Throughout the 1920’s the Ballets Russes was the outstanding company, performing throughout Europe and the Americas. Ballet after Diaghilev. In the 1920’s and after Diaghilev’s death in 1929, many dancers and choreographers formed their own schools and companies. Massine became choreographer of the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo.In England, Ninette de Valois founded a dance school and company that became the Sadler’s Wells Ballet (now Royal Ballet) and featured such dancers as Alicia Markova, Frederick Ashton, and Margot Fonteyn. Serge Lifar revitalized the Paris Opera Ballet. George Balanchine came to the United States in 1933 and with Lincoln Kirstein formed the School of American Ballet and the Amer ican Ballet (later New York City Ballet). Ballet Theatre (now American Ballet Theatre), formed in 1939 by Lucia Chase, presented ballets by American choreographers and composers as well as classic and contemporary European ballets.The repertoire included Eugene Loring’s Billy the Kid (1938) and Agnes de Mille’s Rodeo (1942), both with music by Aaron Copland; Pillar of Fire (1942) by the Emglish choreographer Anthony Tudor; and Jerome Robbins’ and Leonard Bernstein’s Fancy Free (1944). Nora Kaye, Alicia Alonso, and David Lichine were among the leading dancers (Kuklin, 2000). Ballet Theatre played a major role in the development of American theatrical dance in the 1940’s. International Growth. After World War II ballet became increasingly popular, and numerous, diverse ballet companies flourished.The Royal Danish Ballet became noted for the agility of its male dancers and for its performances of August Bournonville’s 19th-century Danish ballet s, such as Konservatoriet. Of the more than 30 ballet companies in the Soviet Union, Moscow’s Bolshoi Ballet and Leningrad’s Kirov Ballet gained international fame. Among the outstanding companies are Netherlands Dance Theater and Maurice Bejart’s Brussels-based ballet of the 20th Century. Both companies present many experimental ballets (Koegler, 2002).The National Ballet of Canada and Germany’s Stuttgart Ballet became known for their performances of both narrative and abstract ballets. In the United States there has been a spectacular growth of interest in ballet. More than 100 amateur regional ballet companies have been formed along with numerous professional groups. American Ballet Theatre and the New York City Ballet became the major companies, winning international acclaim. The Joffrey Ballet became nationally known for presenting 20th-century standard works, such as Parade, as well as new avant-garde ballets, such as The Relativity of Icarus (1974) .By the 1980 ballet’s dancing and choreographer styles varied widely. The distinction between ballet and modern dance grew narrower as many companies fused the technical discipline of ballet with the freedom of modern dance (Clarke & Crisp, 2000). III. Conclusion In conclusion, ballet has contributed a lot in the dance industry. Ballet groups appear in full-length ballets (divided into acts and scenes) and in programs made up of two or more shorter ballets. Ballets are sometimes included in operas, musical comedies, and other stage, television, and screen productions.The music may be written originally for ballet or adapted from other music. Reference: 1. Anderson, Jack (2001). Choreography Observed (University of Iowa). 2. Clarke, Mary & Clement Crisp (2000). The Ballet Goer’s Guide (Knopf). 3. Dufort, Anthony (2004). Ballet Steps: Practice to performance (Crown). 4. Koegler, Horst (2002). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Ballet, 5th edition (Oxford University). 5. Ku klin, Susan (2000). Reaching for Dreams: a Ballet from Rehearsal to Opening Night (Lothrop, Lee & Shephard). 6. Pasevska, Anna (2000). Ballet from the First Plie to Mastery (Princeton Book).

Case Brief

The Superior Court of Philadelphia County affirmed and Plaintiffs Appealed. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania affirmed. Issue: Did Defendant owe Plaintiff, at the time of the accident, a duty of care when Plaintiff was one mile away from the scene of the accident? Holding: Where a close relative is not present at the scene of the accident and instead learns of the accident from a third party, the prior knowledge learned of the accident serves as a buffer against the full-fledged impact of observing the accident scene. Disposition: Order affirmed. Legal Rationale: Plaintiffs argues recovery under the â€Å"reasonably Foreseeability† test, which would allow a Plaintiff outside the â€Å"Zone of Danger† to recover, which was adopted in Sinn v. Burd, 486 Pa. 146 (1979). The Court stated in response that the Plaintiff’s flexible interpretation of the â€Å"jurisprudential concept †¦which require[s] that the defendant’s breach of a duty of care proximately causes plaintiff’s injury,† was flawed. Moreover, that â€Å"at some point along the causal chain, the passage of time and the span of distance mandate a cut-off point for liability. † Id. Justice Nix, quoting Justice Andrew’s dissent in Palsgraf v. Long Island R. R. , 248 N. Y. ,352 argued public policy cannot allow the Defendant to be responsible for every unforeseeable proximate cause that consequently results from of the Defendant’s negligent conduct. Justice Nix admittedly quotes Sinn v. Burd, 486 Pa. , that â€Å"the defendant did owe a duty of care to the bystander†¦Ã¢â‚¬  However, he also notes â€Å"[f]oreseeability enters into the determination of liability in determining whether the emotional injuries sustained by the plaintiff were reasonably foreseeable to the defendant. † Mazzagati at. 75. Justice Nix asserts that the Court has adopted the Dillon v. Legg, 68 Cal. 2d 728 () parameters in determining whether the claim for Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress was reasonably foreseeable. Justice Nix, moreover, quotes that the progression of the law and public policy reveals that: ‘[O]nly a few jurisdictions recognize th e right of the plaintiff witness who did not suffer an impact, was not in fear of his own safety, and those jurisdictions require that the severe emotional distress to the plaintiff result from the direct and contemporaneous observance of the accident. Mazzagati at. 276. Nix favors an obligation definition of â€Å"duty† as opposed to a â€Å"causal sequence of events. † Mazzagati at. 278. In summation, Justice Nix held that the Defendant’s conduct was not negligent because it did not involve an invasion of the Plaintiff’s legal right, therefore making the claim unactionable. [ 1 ]. In Dillon, it was held that a cause of action is stated when the following criteria are met: (1) Whether the plaintiff was located near the scene of the accident as contrasted with one who was a distance away from it; (2) Whether the shock resulted from a direct emotional impact upon the plaintiff from the sensory and contemporaneous observances of the accident, as contrasted with learning of the accident from others after its occurrence; and (3) Whether plaintiff and the victim were closely related as contrasted with an absence of any relationship or the presence of only a distant relationship.

Competitiveness in the Global Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Competitiveness in the Global Context - Essay Example In addition, the GDP per capita is high when compared to the country India (India, 2014). The labour market is regulated and good as the number of unemployment rates is down. Furthermore, Canada has a good education system that has been able to constantly produce the enough labor force to run the economy. On the down side, Canada has not been blessed in produced graduates doing science, engineering, mathematics and technology, hence relies more on international labour forces to fill this gap (GCR, 2014). Based on the above analysis, it is evident that Canada has a higher capacity to retain talent than India based on the fact that it has a high employment rate, good wage bill rates, and good education systems for producing the labor force (Canada, 2014). India on the other hand does not have the capacity to retain its labour force since they have a high unemployment rate, low wage bills and do not appreciate people in certain field of studies due to lack of capacity to absorb them (GCR, 2014). In India, the labour force is not steady. Ever since the economic recession, the number of unemployment rates increased and recovery has been slow since the job creation has been slow. In addition, due to the flexibility of the labour force in India, wage rates have decreased (GCR, 2014). The GDP per capita in India is very low when compared to Canada (Canada). India on the bright side has a population of citizens who have graduated in the fields of science, engineering, mathematics and technology. Such students usually get absorbed in countries that require their skills since India is not that well developed (GCR, 2014). Based on the analysis above, it is evident that Canada has a better capacity of attracting talent due to the fact that they have a high employment rate, good wage rate plus need expertise in areas dealing with science, engineering, mathematics and technology. India on the other hand does not have the capacity to attract talent due to their poor economic

Why is the term recruitment often used incorrectly What is the correct Assignment

Why is the term recruitment often used incorrectly What is the correct term and expand on the whole process for filling a job vacancy - Assignment Example It seems that the correct use of the term recruitment is a prerequisite for the development of effective recruitment plans. On the other hand, problems in filling a job vacancy are difficult to be avoided. If the term ‘recruitment’ is used in its correct meaning it can ensure the limitation of severe failures in the recruitment process. There are many reasons for the incorrect use of the term recruitment. According to D’Annunzio-Green, managers tend to use incorrectly the term ‘recruitment’ when they are not aware of their organization’s culture (107). It is further explained that managers who are new in the organization and who have the responsibility for designing or developing the recruitment process can make severe mistakes mostly because they are not aware of their organization’s culture and goals (D’Annunzio-Green 107). The above risk can be avoided by offering to managers a period of time for understanding the organization’s culture. Foot and Hook give a different explanation for the appearance of wrong use of the term recruitment in organizations. According to the above researchers, in many organizations tasks related to recruitment are assigned to managers who are not appropriately specialized (Foot and Hook 40). Reference is made, for example, to the line managers who are often asked to take part in the design or the development of the recruitment process without having relevant experience (Foot and Hook 40). The fact that line managers may be aware of their organization’s culture (D’Annunzio-Green 107) does not give them the competency for being involved in the recruitment process. The responsibility of managers for the wrong use of the term ‘recruitment’ in modern organizations is also highlighted in the study of Taylor, Doherty and McGraw. In the above study it is made clear that mistakes during the recruitment process are quite common in firms

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 17

Journal - Essay Example I am extremely irritated by the questions Amelie asks. Why would someone care about the color of dresses I wear, the colors I don’t wear, the type of hairstyle I carry, the time I wake up and the genre of movies I like. It is my life - my very personal life - and I don’t want to tell it off to anyone. I want my space which Amelie continuously is trying to diminish. At times I feel Amelie is a psychiatrist that my family hired to know any psychological issue I have. I don’t believe that someone would want to waste hours and hours to know about my life, likes, dislikes and spend time talking to me only. So, I think she is trying to ask me tricky questions and once I answer them she notes them regularly. What would be next? She will make a report; prove me a psychopath and I would be sent to a rehabilitation centre. I don’t want it so I ignore her questions mostly, and she probably is too sincere with her profession so she keeps asking it until it’s he r time to go back home. There is yet another possibility that maybe, Amelie belongs to that class where the children get everything but lack attention from their families and she is trying to quench her thirst of love, care and feeling of belongingness by intruding into my life. So, may be Amelie is an attention seeker trying to gain my sympathies; but I don’t have the time to do that. Today, I ignored her questions and I feel more irritated by the thought that she did not mind it at all. She stayed around for 2 more hours just to ensure I was not angry with her and that I was okay. Who would want to have another mom-like-person anyways, I need to make Amelie understand this! I have my family to take care of my food, mood and health conditions. ::Sigh:: what more can I waste my time on, thinking about Amelie and observing her behavior? Oh God! Am I trapped? Yet another day full of irritation has passed. I

Religion and Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Religion and Violence - Essay Example It primarily aims to discipline people and encourage them to cohabit harmoniously within the framework of certain codes of social conduct. Besides, throughout human history, it has remained a major influence in determining the social and political structure of nations across the world. Religions, in general, seek the well being of humans and spread the messages of universal brotherhood and love, peace and harmony. Prophets in every cult have emphasized the need of spirituality and implored their followers to have sympathy for fellow beings. However, throughout human history, one comes across wars among different sects of people in the name of religion. In the modern world, in which humans have become a sophisticated species, bloodshed in the name of religion still prevails obviously due to misconceptions about religion. The instances of violence, in the name of religion, that characterize everyday life in the modern society, rather tend to substantiate the hypothesis that religion do es cause violence. The Jihad, which the Muslim radicals consider as a Holy War against nonbelievers, has become an excuse for some members of that community to indulge in terrorist activities against the US and other non-Muslim nations. According to them, their war is for justice that they have to wage against the nonbelievers to adhere to Allah’s wish. ... The reason, according to Osama Bin Laden, was to warn America of the support it extends to the Jewish community which has resulted in the oppression of their Muslim brethren in Israel. He has further threatened that the war would continue until justice is restored to the Muslim community, which is being â€Å"tortured and assaulted† by the Jews. (Motives for 9/11 Terrorist Attacks). The bombings in London on July 7, 2005, which claimed â€Å"52 lives and injured 700 people† is yet another instance of violence perpetrated by the Al Qaeda, in the name of religion (London Bombers Staged ‘Dummy Run’). The motive behind this mission, according to Osama, has been to â€Å"take revenge against the British Zionist Crusader Government† for the atrocities committed by them in Iraq and Afghanistan (Quinn par. 5). The problem of violence in the name of religion does not confine to the West alone. In the Orient, the strained relationship between India and Pakista n, apart from border controversies, can also be attributed to the difference in the major religious faiths in both countries. There have been many instances of terrorist attacks in India and in most cases, the allegations indicate the involvement of Pakistani citizens or the radical Muslim outfits based in or operating out of Pakistan. The most significant of such episodes is the terrorist attack in Mumbai, which lasted for almost four days from November 26 to November 29, 2008. An Indian author, B. Raman, in his book titled â€Å"Mumbai 26/11: A Day of Infamy,† suggests that the Indian Mujahidin tout their attack on India as the â€Å"war of civilization between the Muslims and the infidels† (Raman 17). This

Mental Health review tribunals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Mental Health review tribunals - Essay Example To ensure the protection from the evils of such disorder world legal forum set mental health tribunals to justify human rights for all irrespective of gender, race, territory and mental condition. From perspectives of the discipline of positive psychology, mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy life and procure a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience. Subject to the Conditions as an introduction to the Mental Health Act, and as a suggestive source for people with mental health needs, professional workers and others encounter with these Acts. The Mental Health Act 1983 governs the admission of people to psychiatric hospital against their will, their rights while detained, discharge from hospital, and aftercare in England and Wales. Aprt from the philanthropic attitude there is criticism that the Act itself is not well organized, which is written in language that can be hard to follow for certain complications of the descrip tion of the legitimate proposition. The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004, which received Royal Assent in November 2004, contains a number of measures to extend the Government's program of improving services and support to victims of certain criminal offences from prison to hospital for psychiatric treatment, as well as offenders subject to hospital orders with restriction orders. Custodial remand remains ironic when convicted of a sexual or violent offence are then made subject of a hospital order as found unfit to plead and to have committed the act, and been charged, or not guilty because of insanity. They direct the admission to hospital of patients transferred from prison, and consider recommendations from Responsible Medical Officers in hospitals for leave, transfer or discharge of restricted patients. MHU also prepare documentation for Mental Health Review Tribunals (MHRTs), and monitor patients. For each new case, including transferred prisoners, the Victim Liais on Officer (VLO) do contact the MHU caseworker. Imperial evidences furnished through Mental Health Review Tribunals say a detained restricted patient may apply to have their cases heard by a MHRT once each year. If the patient does not apply, the Home Secretary would refer their case to a Tribunal every three years. The Tribunal will consider whether the individual needs to be detained in hospital for the purposes of mental health treatment. Liason officers should consult victims about their representations relating to discharge conditions and forward them to the Tribunal Office by the specified date. The document state that victims should be made aware that no guarantees can be given that any representations they make will not be disclosed to the patient. In fact, the expectation is that all documents are disclosed to the patient and the circumstances in which documents can be withheld are very limited. Rule 12 of the Mental Health Review Tribunal Rules 1983 allows the Tribunal to withhold any document from the patient if they co nsider that disclosure would adversely affect the health or welfare of the patient or

Optical Spinel Ceramics Processing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Optical Spinel Ceramics Processing - Essay Example Alternatively, efforts to â€Å"make polycrystalline spinel by traditional hot pressing of powder have led to inhomogeneous material, typified by opaque nontransmitting regions, thereby making it unsuitable for practical applications† (Sanghera et al, 215). The properties of spinel optical ceramics can be described as follows: The composition of the material is MgAl2O4. The typical grain size of the material is bimodal in nature, 25 µm average and 150  µm averages. The structure is cubic, spinel. Lattice constant of the material is 8.082A. Density is 3.58 g/cc. It is polycrystalline in form with a melting point of 2135?C. Young’s modulus of the material is 276GPa and the sheer modulus is 18.9?106 psi. The material’s Poisson’s ratio is 0.26, and hardness of the material is 1650 Kg/mm2. Fracture toughness of the material holds a record of 1.5 MPa-m1/2 and the flexure strength is 170MPa. Specific heat of the material is 0.8191 J/g - ?C. The transition lim its are 0.25 to 6.5 microns and the thermal conductivity is 25W/m-C @25 ?C (Spinel Optical Ceramic). The present study focuses on learning about the processing of spinel optimal ceramics, including ceramic product processing, their characterization, and applications. Ceramic Product Processing: With the help of ceramic product processing, commercial products of varying sizes, shapes, details, and complexities, are produced. These products may also reflect varying compositions of their materials, structure and cost. The growing capacity to purify, expand and distinguish ceramic materials has led to application of ceramics processing into the field of science. In general, heat is applied on the material for the production of the ceramic as well as on other raw materials in order to develop a unbending product. For ceramic products that make use of naturally occurring materials like rocks and minerals, there is a need for special processing of the materials. This helps in controlling t he transparency, size of particle, distribution of the particle sizes, and heterogeneity of the materials. All these factors have a significant effect on the final product being developed, which is the finished ceramic. In case of some ceramic materials, the starting materials used for processing include powders that are prepared chemically. With the help of accurate chemical compositions and sizes of particles the synthetic materials may be used to control the production of these powders (Ceramic Processing). Once this step is achieved, the ceramic materials are transformed into particular shapes. Water and additives are added to the material for this purpose after which a shape forming process is applied on the materials. The forming techniques that are most commonly used for the purpose include extrusion, slip casting, pressing, tape casting and injection molding. Once the formation of the ceramics is complete, a green color of the ceramics would be obtained. Heat is then applied on this formed material which is a treatment referred as firing or sintering that leads to the production of a finished product rigid in nature. In some cases a glazing process is also applied, particularly where the products include electrical insulators, dinnerware and tiles. Ceramics processed for highly developed applications may undertake a machining and/or a step for polishing the materials such that they can

Business Law and ethics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law and ethics - Case Study Example Child labour in developing countries The case study was largely centered on child labour in the developing countries and pertaining to this issue, Isecke stated that multinational companies through their strategy of outsourcing some of their business processes have indirectly participated in the use of child labour (43-45). This is because they mainly outsource some of their business processes to developing countries where labour is cheap since less trained workers provide it and even at times, the labour services are provided by child labourers. It is important to note that child labour was abolished worldwide through the enactment of various laws that prohibit using children below the statutory age limit of either 16 or 18 years old as labourers. According to Isecke, among the key international laws that prohibit against the child labour, include the United Nations' convention on the Rights of the Child, and the International Labour Organization's Declaration on Fundamental Princip les and Rights at Work (United Nations 1989) (89-93). The other thoughts of the workers Besides thinking about the notion of being paid to be educated, the Vietnamese children also thought about how their employer was socially responsible. The Vietnamese children linked their employer to a socially responsible company because of the fact that company had an option of laying them off from their respective duties so that they can go back to school as required by the law but instead the company opted to retain them in the payroll as they enroll for a full time program. This was despite the fact that the twelve children used forged documents in order to gain employment in the company. The Vietnamese children’s notion that their employer was socially responsible could have been because of the fact that scholars such as Kotler and Lee argued that companies that are socially responsible normally have a strong commitment to behaving ethically and they participate in economic developm ent whilst improving the livings standards of their workers as well as the surrounding community (23-25). It is correct to assert that the action by the Vietnamese employer was part of corporate social responsibilities since it was aligned towards an ethical practice of not using children below the statutory age limit as labourers. Additionally, the act was also aimed at improving the quality of life for the twelve children who were sponsored with a full-time educational program. This will improve their living quality of life because upon finishing their studies, the children would be entitled to promotions to higher positions and even an increase in their wage rate since they would be having additional qualifications. The other thought that the workers had other than they were being paid to be educated was that the company was creating a shared value, which was described by Kotler and Lee, as a business concept that is built on the premise that competitiveness and the health of the workforce as well as the surrounding community are dependent (67-68). In this regard, the twelve children had the notion that the company was investing in their education with an objective that they would also benefit from their sharpened skills once they finish the two-year education program. This assertion is substantiated by the fact that company, which was sponsoring the twelve childre

Victims and Legislative Solutions Essay Example for Free

Victims and Legislative Solutions Essay â€Å"knowing production, use or trafficking in counterfeit or unauthorized access devices such as any card, plate code, account number, electronic serial number personal identification number, that can be used to obtain money, goods, services, or any other thing of value, or that can be used to initiate a transfer of funds† (Cybercrime Public and Private Entities, 2007). Despite these measures in place, cybercrime is still a massive problem. This is due to the fact that hiring and retaining skilled investigators is a daunting task because private companies offer a higher salary and better benefits than the federal government (Cybercrime Public and Private Entities, 2007). Also, â€Å"staff rotation policies in place at certain law enforcement organizations† make it difficult for law enforcers to fully attend and address the situation properly (Cybercrime Public and Private Entities, 2007). Besides, it takes a year to train an investigator to be competent enough to handle his own case (Cybercrime Public and Private Entities, 2007). Individuals have to be trained because federal agencies lack resources to employ professional investigators (Cybercrime Public and Private Entities, 2007). In addition, multiple jurisdictions in place makes the matter even more complicated to handle (Cybercrime Public and Private Entities, 2007). â€Å"Law[s] used to address cybercrime differ across states and nations. For example, not all US states have anti-spam laws or anti-spyware laws Further, jurisdictional boundaries can limit the actions that federal, state, and local law enforcement can take to investigate cybercrime that crosses local, regional and national borders† (Cybercrime Public and Private Entities, 2007). Lastly, the complex nature of tracking an identify theft also poses a problem. â€Å"[C]ybercriminals can take steps to remain anonymous, making it difficult, if not impossible, to attribute a crime to them [this is because] [c]ybercriminals can be physically located in one nation or state, direct their crime through computers in multiple nations or states and store evidence for the crime on computers in yet another nation or state† (Cybercrime Public and Private Entities, 2007). Hence, cybercriminals are rarely caught and if they are apprehended, the â€Å"penalties are minimal Community service and parole are the usual sentence† (Identity Theft: How it Happens, 2000). Cybercriminals exist because engaging in identity theft enables them to acquire money and benefits such as material assets, medical insurance and tax returns without working conventionally to obtain them. Also, they are rarely caught because the system in place is disorganized and ineffective; that is why identity theft remains a big problem. A national and specialized agency should be set up to handle this situation. Resources should be allocated to this agency so that skilled investigators can be employed. This will speed the investigation process because individuals in the force do not have to be trained for a year to be able to effectively deal with cases. References: Privacy Rights Clearinghouse. (2000, July 12). Identity Theft: How it Happens, Its Impact on Victims and Legislative Solutions. Retrieved January 20, 2008, from http://www.gao.gov/

Comparing The Golden Pathway Annual to Blue Remembered Hills Essay Example for Free

Comparing The Golden Pathway Annual to Blue Remembered Hills Essay In the autumn term of 2006 I performed as Enid and The Head in The Golden Pathway Annual, a play by John Harding John Burrows, for my scripted performance. The class was split into groups of three (which was very fitting as in The Golden Pathway Annual most scenes have only three characters, only the odd few scenes had four) and then given different extracts from the play. My group was exceptionally conscious in keeping the props, costumes and especially acting appropriate to the time period, so some brief research was done using the Internet to give us a better understanding of, for example, what statuses the mother and father would have in relation to each other, or what costumes should be worn. Obviously, a reading of the entire play was done prior to any rehearsals, so that the scenes that we would be performing made sense to us. We also read through Blue Remembered Hills, by Dennis Potter, as a class. The Golden Pathway Annual is almost completely non-naturalistic. The same actor plays Michael, the lead role, throughout all his ages from the age of two-and-a-half into his adulthood. Also, two of the four actors play a range of characters, as opposed to one actor playing one character, as they would in a naturalistic play. At first glances, Blue Remembered Hills would seem to be a non-naturalistic play. Firstly, the characters are all children, whereas all the actors are adults, similar to The Golden Pathway Annual, where an adult actor would play the role of the child Michael. However, the scenarios in Blue Remembered Hills are completely naturalistic everything that happens could happen in real life. In contrast, The Golden Pathway Annual has moments, such as the fantasy sequences, where Michael is a dog with members of the Famous Five, which are evidently not naturalistic. The other very naturalistic thing about Blue Remembered Hills is that the play is in real-time one incident after another without the imposition or intervention of memory in the form of flashback in Potters words. The play is set in one day, unlike The Golden Pathway Annual, which spans a time period of more than 20 years there is even an instance in the beginning where the transition between two scenes indicates the change of several years, where a child had been born and raised to the age of two-and-a-half not naturalistic in the slightest. The emotions in Blue Remembered Hills are very naturalistic. This is because the play shows realistic emotions and how the different characters would react, for instance when Donald dies towards the end, all the characters are badly shaken. If the emotions were non-naturalistic, such as in a comic style, the emotions would portray Donalds death as humorous. The Golden Pathway Annual also has very naturalistic, touching moments, such as: Enid: Whats going to happen to us? George: When? Enid: When we die. Enid feels upset and slightly pessimistic now that Michael has left home, a natural reaction for a mother to feel. George, in the following lines, tries to be brave and attempts to convince Enid shes not talking sense an also natural thing for a husband to do. A noticeable difference between the two plays is the themes. The Golden Pathway Annual mainly has the theme of expectations, where Michael is pressured throughout his life, by his parents and by his school. He works hard, however this is only to find that all he worked for amounted to nothing. The main theme of Blue Remembered Hills is, in my opinion, childhood (other people may think differently it depends on a persons interpretation). The play goes through the emotions and activities of children, with an ending showing how all fun and games can end in catastrophe. Basing the two plays on their main themes, it could be said that they are divergent, however the two plays have other themes, which do relate the two of them. Nostalgia seems to be portrayed in both of the plays. A sense of looking back can be seen in both Dennis Potters and Ed Thomasons (the director of the first The Golden Pathway Annual productions) introductions; Every event in the script which had sparked off a personal memory, a moment of recognition for me, would do the same for an audience (Ed Thomason). It is clear that The Golden Pathway Annual was written with the intention of nostalgia and Blue Remembered Hills was written using Potters memories. Both the plays similarly experience the theme of fantasy, however one experiences it naturalistically and the other non-naturalistically. Blue Remembered Hills has times when the children will imagine they are Indians and cowboys, for instance, running through the forest wailing and shooting each other with their imaginary guns. This is naturalistic, as the audience sees the children playing pretend. The Golden Pathway Annual has non-naturalistic fantasy sequences. Michaels fantasies are much more like dreams the audience views a dream where Michael is a dog or is James Bond; it is not Michael pretending he is James Bond. Although Blue Remembered Hills was written for television, a successful stage adaptation has been made of it. A problem posed by this, which is overcome in different ways, depending on the production, is the staging. There is a section towards the end where there are instant transitions between inside a barn and outside a barn. On television, this is easy to do, however on stage this is harder. Therefore, the staging must be unnatural the stage could be split, for instance. This is alike to The Golden Pathway Annual, where the staging is very unnatural such as in a scene I performed a Grannys footsteps scene, where Michaels parents advance on him in the ironic fashion of this childs game. As a group, we decided to stage it abstractly, similarly to the way Blue Remembered Hills would be staged. The Golden Pathway Annual is set during the 1940s and 1960s. Our group established this time period in many ways; one was the way the two parents related. I performed as Enid in a way that allowed George to be the more dominant character, reflecting on the main beliefs of that time, that men still seemed to be the superior gender. The Golden Pathway Annual begins just after the war, whereas Blue Remembered Hills is set during the war. It is interesting to see that just the two years changes the historic period entirely, making the two plays acted very differently. There is a similarity in time periods between the plays, and that is that the time period is a given circumstance it is set, and cannot be changed. The reason Blue Remembered Hills cannot be changed is quite obviously as it is during the war, and the context of the play wouldnt make sense without the time period. The time period in The Golden Pathway Annual is essential to the characters, plot and emotions; without the time period, the nostalgia of the play would be lost. In addition, the production notes stress the time period heavily. One difference I notice about the style of how the two plays are written is the freedom the writers allow for the production, and what given circumstances there are. Blue Remembered Hills seems to be more flexible with how the play can be performed. Potter gives an option of what Willie can be doing in the first scene, whereas Harding Burrows have much more strict given circumstances, where the props, as examples, are much more set the placing of the two chairs (which are the props that create the illusion of many other items in the play) is stated. Society and culture is a significant difference between the two plays. The Peters family in The Golden Pathway Annual is of working class. The family was hard-hit by the war literally; their house was bombed and they lost everything. Society in the times of the beginning of when The Golden Pathway Annual is set had the popular belief that the future would get better, the high hopes due to the recent winning of the war. It was also believed that the young generation should make the best of what they have offered to them, a culture reflected deeply into Enid and Georges parenting, which is shown through all the pressure applied on Michael to do well at school and get good qualifications, so he can succeed in life. However, as the play progresses, we see that cultures change and Michael finds that like the pound, his degree has devalued. The class and culture are both very different in Blue Remembered Hills. The children spit, threaten and fight regularly in the play, something that Michael is never known to have experienced. Michael is always made presentable, as his parents believe that they need to fit in with the society. It is likely that the same case occurs in Blue Remembered Hills, however the culture is different the entire town is likely to be of the lower agricultural class, working on the farms; the way the children behave is normal in the society they are in. It is clear that the upbringing of the children in Blue Remembered Hills is not to get a degree and do well in life and to better themselves, as Michael is in The Golden Pathway Annual; the children are parented in a sort of the present matters mentality, in contrast to The Golden Pathway Annual where Enid and George have firm beliefs that it is the future that matters, and that everything is done for a child to better themselves in the future. In conclusion, I have learnt that although the two plays are very different in where they are set and the way the characters behave, similarities still lie in the themes and some of the styles, such as staging.

Communication in Children and Families

Communication in Children and Families Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Answer to Question 1 Answer to Question 2 Answer to Question 3 Answer to Question 4 Answer to Question 5 Answer to Question 6 Conclusion References Introduction Effective communication between parent and children the most important and difficult field of communication. There should be logical way and scientific approach according to different needs and requirements. To understand the process in a better way, here are some key points to be considered before stepping on to it. Answer to Question 1 Demonstrate judgements regarding the importance of effective communication with children and families It is very hard to understand the psychology of children in a family or a society but it is extremely important to understand that as it affects the behavior of a kid on a huge basis. There are some key reasons that show that why it is so important to have an effective communication with children and families:- A positive relationship between children and their families is vital for the youngs childrens well being Parents are the kids first teacher, they learn from them only Parents behavior as in what do they follow at home with their young babies and children has a major impact on intellectual, social and emotional development Better relationships amongst children and parents are achieved through better communication only A clear and thorough communication or talk can omit all the misunderstandings and the possible barriers. It is important to share your previous experience and what you already know about communicating with parents and children and its significance as it helps you a lot while learning new things. It will clear the objective of understanding the importance of communicating between children and parents more easily. â€Å"It is not who you are as a parent that enables your children to be effective learners but what you do that makes a difference† (Peers Early Education Partnership 2005) These lines says allyou need to understand your responsibility towards the children and learn how to communicate to make them better for future. Here, in the communication part with the children, the professional relationship is important as well. For brief, professionals have contracted through a formal agreement to be responsible for the care and wellbeing of someone else’s child. So, there is very thin line between professional friendliness and relationship with children and as a parent you need to understand that properly. (Anon., 2005) Answer to Question 2 Employ the principles of how communication works, children’s early communication skills and supporting strategies and approaches Communication works in many ways, it helps building relationships. Communication can actually start with children’s early communication skills as well. The children’s early communication includes various different ways:- Crying Looking into your eyes Smiling Laughing Sounds Babble and ‘talk’ – pretend conversations Now how can we, as parents talk to them? The process of communication with babies involves a many ways like as follows:- Talking to them in a very special manner Touching them and make them feel safe and secure Playing with them making expressions and faces For a babys well-being and development, emotionally and intellectually; sensitive and responsive communication is extremely important. It makes the child feel at home amongst the loved ones Babies are the most ready ones to talk and play with people when they are awake, playful and alert Recognize the babys state, try and respond to it in a particular way and support the babies in developing a sense of self You just follow what the baby is trying to convey Try and talk to the baby in the manner thinking what it is like for the baby You can help the baby regulate its own mood by playful gestures, music and expressions Read their signals and respond to them accordingly. Those who does that develops a strong bond with the babies Nonverbal communication is best at the early stage of communication with the babies Be and look positive all the time in front of the babies, it is important for their growth of the social brain. The positive looks stimulates the social growth of the babies (Anon., 2008) Answer to Question 3 Evaluate barriers and challenges which may impact upon effective communication between practitioners, children and families Barriers and challenges in effective communication are those factors that hinder good communication between practitioners, parent and children. These barriers take shape according to the situations and places such as at a societal level, Brandt (1998) notes that the parents or people in general are becoming increasingly estranged from public institutions. Sometimes it is actually very problematic and hard to reach families. To solve this problem, first of all make a note about who are the families that you think may find it hard to reach and communicate with services? Then spend time with them discussing different issues faced while establishing effective communication between parents and children. These families may have characteristics as follows: Different cultural backgrounds English as an additional language Different family backgrounds Different personalities Lack of confidence and self esteem Learning difficulties Literacy skills Physical difficulties Psychological difficulties All these characteristics act differently during the establishment of effective communication between parents and children. For example, sometimes parents cannot cope up with the changing trend and thus the gap of understanding between their cultural preferences and the children cultural preferences widens. Also, if the practitioners use â€Å"their own cultural lenses† to interact with culturally and linguistically diverse parents, there occurs a problem. Lets take another example regarding psychological difficulties. On a parental level, a parent’s own negative school experiences may impact positive relationships with teachers, or parents may simply not understand how to effectively interact with the children regarding their educational system. Similarly, economic, time constraints, lack of technology may also be primary obstacles to effective communication. All these barriers and challenges may be eliminated with a traditional yet significant 5-15 minute parent conference that offers little time for meaningful communication regarding a child’s academic and social progress. This can be act as an open platform for interaction within practitioners, parents and children. (NCB, 2008) Answer to Question 4 Reflect on the importance of enabling positive environments to promote communication between children, families and professionals For establishing an effective communication between professionals, parents and children, it is extremely vital to create a positive environment for the communication to take place. As a professional, you soon learn that children and parents are a two-for-one deal: Developing confident relationships with parents is precarious for providing the best care possible to their children. So being friends with the parents help a lot here. To ensure the same, as a parent, you can test it. For example, Amanda got into her car, really angry. When she dropped off her 22-month-old, Nyra, that morning, she mentioned to the baby sitter and her friend, Reeta (who look after Nyra), how impossible Nyra has been in the mornings. She drags her feet, doesnt want to get dressed, pitches a fit about which outfit to wear—its been practically impossible to get her out the door. But to her surprise, Radhika tells Anna that Nyra is an angel while talking to her. She listens each and everything that Radhika asks for and thus Anna is relieved that her child is in safe hands. For understanding the children in a better way, you first need to be more close to the parents by following these simple steps:- Notice how you are feeling with kids beahviour Look at the interaction from the childs point of view. Develop a sense of grasping the surroundings with a childs eye Partner with parents, talk to them more-n-more and understand their need Look for a scope of compromise Tell the parents not to fight or create an awkward situation in front of their kids Ask them not to follow their so called bad habits in front of the kids and try and avoid such stuff as much as possible Listen to children and their queries, needs and expectations and act and ask the parents too to act accordingly Promote healthy and knowledgeable practices at home and so on (McDonald, n.d.) Answer to Question 5 Importance and role of intervention strategies, approaches and techniques supporting the development of effective communication In developing effective communication between parents and children, supporting intervention strategies, approaches and techniques act as major helping factors. What is intervention strategy? According to Desforges (2003), in the intervention strategy, effective settings consider what the major barriers are for their own communities and work proactively to remove them. The strategy involves Establishing formal and casual relationships with families and children Knowing the families in a much detailed and better way but not intervening somehow is a thing to keep in mind Talking and discussing about the needs and expectations of families Offering a good range of options and choices for involvement and participation in the learning process that are truly match with the family colors Observe and observe the knowledge and understanding level of the parents, value them and try to enhance the same incorporating different techniques Now, what are techniques? You can follow several techniques to achieve your aim of effective communication:- Ensure a friendly warm welcome to parents by keeping in mind their expectations Ensure physical environment is welcoming. This is because it encourages the proximity factor Proactively plan how to include families like organizing a fun seminar or some musical learning process Ensure all staff have training in inclusion and equalities policies and procedures Home visits may be planned to help develop relationships with parents and children at the same time Ensure all aspects of family life are considered properly e.g. child-minding For the approach part, you can create and develop your own or just research and follow that suits you the best like The Hanen Approach says, there are three main steps of developing effective communication i.e. Observe Wait Listen Collectively, these steps are referred as Owling Similarly, you can consider the Camdens communication approach which says:- Stop, Look and Listen Here too, the listen factor is being emphasized. So, for any approach, the listening habit should be developed prominently. (Anon., 2012) Answer to Question 6 Professional skills and attributes in developing positive communications with children and families The professional skills and attributes while establishing or developing positive communications with children and families involve certain practices. Majorly divided in three groups namely, Collaborative, Effective and Reflective, these practices are as follows:- Collaborative 1. Family-centered practice 2. Partnerships with professionals 3. High expectations for every child Effective 4. Equity and diversity 5. Respectful relationships and responsive engagement 6. Integrated teaching and learning approaches 7. Assessment for learning and development Reflective 8. Reflective practice i.e. how to react to certain communication or actions Professionals collaborate with families and the children for effective communication. They communicate and plan partnership ways to achieve the best practice to be followed They work in groups across different planned settings so as to support the positive behavioural changes and attitude/ learning transitions for children They always ready to learn from each other as effective communication is a give and take relationship The professionals try to understand their own and others roles as well. After understanding the same, they make referrals whenever and wherever there is a need These professionals are truly committed to work in partnership and in groups so that they can achieve the best possible results for children The skills in quick look- The professionals work collaboratively to share information and messages. They logically plan communication procedures to ensure universal approaches to kids learning and development Each professional understand another’s practice, skills and expertise so as to get inspired and make referrals whenever needed according to the appropriate situation Acknowledging the significance of changes within and across early juvenile services and schools is one of the main skills the professional should possess. It is in order to ensure that children understand the process and have an active role in preparing for these transitions They build on kids’ prior learning and involvements to build continuity for their learning journey and development of personality (Aguliar, 2011) Conclusion The key formula for effective communication is to observe, listen and think and then act. You just need to be logical and updated in terms of planning procedures. Observe the behavioural pattern of children, their growing needs, expectations; understand the cultural values and beliefs of their parents and mix them well according to the latest trend because for an effective communication, one need to be updated and well informed. References Aguliar, E., 2011. 20 Tips for Developing Positive Relationships With Parents. [Online] Available at: http://www.edutopia.org/blog/20-tips-developing-positive-relationships-parents-elena-aguilar [Accessed 29 April 2015]. Anon., 2005. National Literacy Trust. [Online] Available at: http://www.literacytrust.org.uk/talk_to_your_baby/policy_research/1713_research_birth_to_school_study-a_longitudinal_evaluation_of_the_peers_early_education_partnership_peep_1998-2005 [Accessed 29 April 2015]. Anon., 2008. The National Strategies. [Online] Available at: http://idponline.org.uk/downloads/ey-slcn.pdf [Accessed 29 April 2015]. Anon., 2012. Positive Approaches to Challenging Behaviors,. [Online] Available at: http://www.cmhcm.org/provider/centrain/Training_Units/POSITIVE_APPROACHES.pdf [Accessed 29 April 2015]. McDonald, K. R. a. M., n.d. Promoting positive education and care transitions for children. [Online] Available at: https://www3.aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/promoting-positive-education-and-care-transitions-childr [Accessed 29 April 2015]. NCB, 2008. Principles of engaging with families. [Online] Available at: http://www.ncb.org.uk/media/236258/engaging_with_families.pdf [Accessed 29 April 2015].

A Window Into Adults WithAttention-Deficit Hyper-Activity Disorder Essa

Much of the awareness associated with Attention-Deficit Hyper-Activity Disorder (ADHD), has been linked to children and adolescents. The problem with that belief is that there’s an ever-growing population of adults who have been diagnosed with the disorder and live with it day by day. The process of living with the disability, getting diagnosed and receiving treatment, is an interesting one that has begun to rapidly get attention over the past few years. The impact of this disorder can range anywhere from a mild distress to a problem that spreads into all aspects of an adults life. One of the main components to an adult living with ADHD is the work related one. Adults with the disability have a much higher probability of getting fired or quitting their job without putting any rational thought into it. Research by Weisler and Goodman (2008) suggests that adults with ADHD have a much harder time maintaining a job because of their constant impulsive behavior. The relationship between them and their supervisors can also be affected, the reason being that they have trouble meeting a deadline or constantly procrastinate on an assignment given to them (Stein, 2008). Research has revealed that they had a higher rate of divorce and separation (Weisler & Goodman, 2008). Adults with ADHD have a strong tendency to delay gratification and not be able to think of the consequences to their actions. They usually get frustrated sitting through meet ings and listening to others, this is one of the biggest roadblocks when it comes to them maintaining a job (Patton, 2009). An undiagnosed adult with ADHD can take the disability and adapt to it, never knowing that they actually might have it at all. They might never seek to attend college after hig... ...them up weeks before they were due. I would study for exams weeks ahead of time. To my surprise I started to do really well in school, I transferred over to SUNY Old Westbury and currently hold a 3.93 GPA. I went from being a C student, to an A student. Regardless whether I have ADHD or not, it does not make a difference to me. I found a way to succeed in school, by attempting something outside of the norm. I built my own methods and procedures for a path to success. I do believe that many college students go undiagnosed for years, sadly many of them drop out and never come back. The educational aspect of ADHD is one of great importance, that itself will lead to more adults connecting daily problems to a specific reason. Its not that they are lazy or incapable of doing the tasks at hand, the problem is that they do not understand the reason behind that obstacles.

Christianity And The Just War Theory Essay -- essays research papers

Does the Just War Theory provide sufficient moral justification for Christians’ involvement in war? The Just War Theory is a set of criteria that are used to judge whether a war is morally justifiable. It was St Augustine in the third century that formulated the Just War theory, and was formalised 10 centuries later by Thomas Aquinas. There are seven criteria by which a war can be judged to be just. Among the rules are Just Cause – there must be a very good reason for going to war, such as protecting your country from invasion. There should be a formal declaration of war by the legal government. It has to be the last resort and all other alternatives must be exhausted. There must be a reasonable chance of success and great care must be taken to avoid injuring civilians. The Just War Theory is still believed today to be the only way that Christians can morally justify war and is often referred to by leaders of Christian countries when they make claims to be fighting a just war. There is widespread ignorance of the details of Just War but there is also much room for different interpretations of the criteria. I personally feel that it depends on each individual situation as one set of rules are not always applicable to all circumstances. In some situations, the causes may seem to be just but not according to the just war theory. A war can only be judged to be just if the criteria are met – not if those involved try very hard to meet them. The aim of the just war is to provid...

An Enquiry Concerning The Principles Of Morals Essay example -- essays

What is a moral? This is a question that has plagued philosophers for many years. Is it possible to have a set of universal morals? There are many questions that surround the mystery of morals. They seem to drive our every action. We base our decisions on what is right and what is wrong. But what is it that actually determines what is right and what is wrong? Is it our sense of reason? Is it our sense of sentiment? This is a question that David Hume spent much of his life pondering. What exactly is it that drives our actions? Yes, morals drive them, but what determines what our morals are? What is it that ultimately drives our actions; our feelings or our minds? Hume would say that it is our sentiment that ultimately drives our actions. According to Hume, reason is incapable of motivating an action. According to Hume, reason cannot fuel an action and therefore cannot motivate it. Hume feel that all actions are motivated by our sentiment. For example, on page 84 Appendix I, he gives the example of a criminal. "It resides in the mind of the person, who is ungrateful. He must, therefore, feel it, and be conscious of it." Here, it is evident that Hume is saying that unless the person, or criminal in this case, sincerely believes in what he wants to do, he will not be able to motivate the action. In other words, unless the sentiment is there, the action cannot be willed into being. Hence, the sentiment is the driving force behind the action. Hume does not however say that reason is incapable of determining wether an action is virtuous or vicious (moral or immoral), but instead he tries to say that the reason for the morality of an action does not dictate the execution or perversion of an act so far as determination of wether the action is executed or not. In simpler terms, reason has it's place in determining morality, but it is not in the motivation of an action. Motivation must come from the heart, or better yet, from within the person; from their beliefs. Reason merely allows the person to make moral distinctions. Without reason, there would be no morality. Without reason, one moral clause would not be differentiable from another. That is to say that below all morals, there must be some underlying truth because "Truth is disputable; n... ...reasons are NOT necessarily the person's sentiments, they do not motivate actions. One other reason why reason does not impel action is because reason is based on truths. Truths are never changing whereas sentiments are dynamic and are in a constant change of flux. At one moment, the criminal could feel sympathy for his victims and decide to spare a life, and the very next, the same criminal could become enraged at the pimple on a hostage's forehead and shoot him. Of course these are extreme cases, but the point is clear. Reason would dictate that only the first action would be moral. If reason drove actions, then moral behavior would prevail and there would be no immoral actions and hence there would be no crimes. This shows how sentiments can change as the individual's perception of the universe changes. Obviously, the driving force behind the criminal shooting the victim because of a skin blemish is not one based on reason, but instead it is based on feeling, emotion, sentiment. Although it is an abstract idea and a seemingly tiny technicality, it is easy to see that indeed reason is not the ultimate motivator but instead sentiment is.

Margin Review Questions Essay

†¢ If they had continued, Chinese maritime voyages could have had a profound impact on the course of world history. China was the richest, most prosperous, and most technologically advanced civilization in the world at that time, and it would be reasonable to think that, if the Chinese had aggressively competed with their European counterparts, they likely would have prevailed as the preeminent maritime power in the world. This would have had profound implications for the course of world history, most likely limiting the influence of Western Europe and of Christianity on other regions of the globe and increasing Chinese cultural, economic, and political influences beyond East Asia. †¢ The usefulness of counterfactual questions is debatable. They do allow one both to highlight the role of contingency in the course of human history and to highlight the difficulty of predicting the future because of contingency. Moreover, counterfactual questions go beyond mere speculation, because they encourage students to think of what was possible in light of known historical facts. Thus a good â€Å"what if† question can help scholars think their way into historical reality and to hone their analytical skills. Still, no one can fully predict what the consequences of a change in events would have been, and in any case, the reality of the situation as it happened is the subject of history. 2. †¢ This chapter organizes societies in two ways. First, it organizes them into Paleolithic peoples, agricultural village societies, herding peoples, and established civilizations and empires. It then organizes those civilizations by region. †¢ There are other alternatives, including organization by cultural region— Chinese, Indian, Islamic, Mesoamerican, and Christian. Another possibility would have been organization through webs of connections, starting with a single society and radiating out to an exploration of its nearer and more distant contacts. 3. †¢ Several changes would undoubtedly have surprised a knowledgeable observer, including the emergence of Islam; †¢ the revival of China and Western Europe; †¢ the collapse of the Byzantine Empire; †¢ the emergence of Russia and the spread of Christianity into that region; †¢ the emergence of states in Southeast Asia; †¢ the emergence of Japan; †¢ the emergence of powerful empires in West Africa. †¢ However, some features would still be recognizable, such as the persistence of Paleolithic, agricultural village, and herding societies; †¢ the continuance, albeit at a more intense rate, of long-distance commerce and exchange; †¢ the persistence of broad cultural traditions, especially in the Mesoamerican, Andean, Chinese, European, and Indian civilizations. 4. †¢ A global traveler of the fifteenth century might have predicted that Islam, Buddhism, and perhaps Christianity would continue to spread; †¢ that the established cultural regions of China, India, the Islamic world, Christian Europe, the Andes, and Mesoamerica would continue to develop and expand; †¢ that long-distance commerce and exchange would continue to have an important impact on the development of civilizations; †¢ that empires would continue to have a growing influence on world history; †¢ that the regions occupied by Paleolithic, agricultural village, and herding societies would continue to shrink. †¢ Precisely when these predictions were made would make a difference. Before 1492, the huge impact of Western European influence on the Americas would have been difficult to predict. †¢ Before 1433, the relatively modest impact of Chinese overseas exploration would have been difficult to predict. 5. †¢ The gathering and hunting people of the northwest coast of North America possessed permanent village settlements with large and sturdy houses, considerable economic specialization, ranked societies that sometimes included slavery, chiefdoms dominated by powerful clan leaders, and extensive storage of food; none of those features were part of Australian gathering and hunting societies. 6. †¢ In West Africa, three distinct patterns of political development were taking shape among agricultural village societies, with the Yoruba people creating city-states; the kingdom of Benin taking shape as a small, highly centralized territorial state; and the Igbo peoples relying on other  institutions—title societies, women’s associations, hereditary ritual experts serving as mediators, a balance of power among kinship groups—to maintain social cohesion beyond the level of the village. †¢ In addition, the Yoruba, Bini, and Igbo peoples traded actively among themselves as well as with more distant peoples and changed from a matrilineal to a patrilineal system of tracing their descent. †¢ In the Americas, in what is now central New York State, an increased level of conflict among Iroquois peoples triggered a remarkable political innovation—a loose alliance or confederation among five Iroquois peoples based on an agreement known as the Great Law of Peace. The Iroquois League of Five Nations kept peace, adjudicated disputes, and operated by consensus. It also gave expression to values of limited government, social equality, and personal freedom. †¢ The Iroquois developed a system that gave women unusual authority. Descent was matrilineal, married couples lived with the wife’s family, and women controlled agriculture. While men were hunters, warriors, and the primary political officeholders, women selected and could depose those leaders. 7. †¢ In Central Asia, the Turkic warlord Timur constructed a significant empire that retained control of the area between Persia and Afghanistan during the fifteenth century. †¢ Timur’s conquests, however, hid a more long-term change for the pastoral peoples of Central Asia, because his was the last great military success of nomadic peoples from Central Asia; in the centuries that followed, their homelands were swallowed up in the expanding Russian and Chinese empires. †¢ In West Africa, pastoral peoples retained their independence into the late nineteenth century. †¢ Groups like the Fulbe, West Africa’s largest pastoral society, generally lived in small communities among agricultural peoples; †¢ as they migrated gradually eastward after 1000 C.E., they maintained their distinctive way of life and a sense of cultural superiority that became more pronounced as they slowly adopted Islam. †¢ Some Fulbe dropped out of a pastoral life and settled in towns, where they became highly respected religious leaders. †¢ In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Fulbe were at the center of a wave of religiously based uprisings (jihads) that greatly expanded the practice of Islam and gave rise to a series of new states ruled by the Fulbe. 8. †¢ Under the Ming dynasty, China recovered from the disruption caused by Mongol rule and the ravages of the plague to become perhaps the best-governed and most prosperous of the world’s major civilizations; †¢ it also undertook the largest and most impressive maritime expeditions the world had ever seen. 9. †¢ Political consolidation occurred in both China and Western Europe, but in China this meant a unitary and centralized government that encompassed almost the whole of its civilization, while in Europe a decidedly fragmented system of many separate, independent, and competitive states made for a sharply divided Christendom. †¢ While both experienced cultural flowering, Europe’s culture after the Renaissance was rather more different from its own recent past than Ming dynasty China was from its pre-Mongol glory. †¢ While both sent out ships to explore the wider world, their purposes in doing so were very different. 10. †¢ Chinese exploration was undertaken by an enormous fleet composed of several hundred large ships, while European explorations were undertaken by expeditions made up of a handful of small ships. †¢ European motivations for exploration included the desire for wealth from trade, the search for converts to Christianity, and the recruitment of possible Christian allies against the Muslim powers. China, by contrast, needed no military allies, required little in the way of trade, and had no desire to convert foreigners to Chinese culture or religion. †¢ The Europeans sought to monopolize by force the commerce of the Indian Ocean and violently carved out empires in the Americas; the Chinese fleet sought neither conquests nor colonies. †¢ China ended its voyages abruptly after 1433; the European explorations continued and even escalated. †¢ In terms of why China’s explorations were so different from their European counterparts, the fragmentation of political authority in Europe, unlike China’s unified empire, ensured that once begun, rivalry alone would drive Europeans to the end of the earth. †¢ Much of Europe’s elite, including merchants, monarchs, the clergy, and nobles, had an interest in overseas expansion; in China, by contrast, the emperor Yongle was the primary supporter of the Chinese voyages of exploration, and after he passed from the scene, those opposed to the  voyages prevailed within the politics of the court. †¢ The Chinese were very much aware of their own antiquity, believed strongly in the absolute superiority of their culture, and felt that, if they needed something from abroad, others would bring it to them. The Europeans also believed themselves unique; however, in material terms, they were seeking out the greater riches of the East, and they were highly conscious that Muslim power blocked easy access to these treasures and posed a military and religious threat to Europe itself. 11. †¢ The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires had Turkic origins, while the Songhay Empire did not. †¢ The Ottoman and Safavid empires ruled over the heartland of the Muslim world, where a majority of their subjects followed Islam; the Mughal and Songhay empires ruled over regions where Islam was a minority faith. †¢ The rulers of the Safavid Empire were the only ones to impose a Shia version of Islam as the official religion of the state. 12. †¢ The Inca Empire was much larger than its Aztec counterpart. †¢ The Aztec Empire controlled only part of the Mesoamerican cultural region, while at its height the Inca state encompassed practically the whole of the Andean civilization. †¢ In the Aztec realm, the Mexica rulers largely left their conquered people alone, and no elaborate administrative system arose to integrate the conquered territories or to assimilate their people to Aztec culture. The Incas, on the other hand, erected a more bureaucratic empire. †¢ The Aztec Empire extracted substantial tribute in the form of goods from its subject populations, while the Incas primarily extracted labor services from their subjects. †¢ The Aztec Empire had a system of commercial exchange that was based on merchants and free markets, whereas the Inca government played a major role in both the production and distribution of goods. †¢ The authority of the state penetrated and directed the Incas’ society and economy far more than did that of the Aztecs. 13. †¢ The ideology of state that gave human sacrifice great religious importance shaped the techniques of Aztec warfare, which put a premium on capturing prisoners rather than on killing the enemy. †¢ Priests and rulers became interdependent, with human sacrifices carried out for  political ends. †¢ Massive sacrificial rituals served to impress enemies, allies, and subjects alike with the immense power of the Aztecs and their gods. 14. †¢ The emperor was an absolute ruler and was regarded as divine.  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ In theory, the state owned all land and resources.  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Subjects were organized, at least in the central regions of the empire, into hierarchical units of 10, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, and 10,000 people, each headed by local officials, who were supervised by an Inca governor or by the emperor. †¢ An imperial office of â€Å"inspectors† checked on provincial authorities. †¢ Births, deaths, marriages, and other population data were carefully recorded. †¢ A resettlement program moved one-quarter or more of the population to new locations. †¢ Leaders of conquered peoples were required to learn Quechua, and their sons were removed to the capital of Cuzco for instruction in Inca culture and language. †¢ Subject peoples were required to acknowledge major Inca deities, although once they did so, they were largely free to carry on their own religious traditions. †¢ The Inca Empire played a major role in the production and distribution of goods. 15. †¢ They interacted through webs of empire, large-scale political systems that brought together a variety of culturally different peoples; †¢ through webs of religion that linked far-flung peoples; †¢ and through long-established patterns of trade among peoples occupying different environments and producing different goods.

The Wholefoods Company

At the wholefoods social club most entry take employees work out $10. 86 on average. This averages turn reveal to about 21,000 a year. This may not seem to be a very comparable pay scale, but their benefits out counsels the pay. With a very extensive benefits package wholefoods has effectively been able to coax workers to be a part of the alliance. The comp whatsoever offers medical, dental, 401k, personal wellness account, health feel for reimbursement, dependent care reimbursement, life insurance, stultification insurance, team fraction stock preference plan, team member stock purchase plan, team member discounts, team member emergency sharing account, and gain sharing.Having totally of these benefits outweighs the pay scale for most employees. They hand good shake ups when promoting in the company as well. Most raise deep down the company are stuffy to 1. 5%. The finis of employees in wholefoods would be to work their way up the chain of command to bear more money. Store team leads within this company on average make $60, 171 a year. There are many another(prenominal) other team lead positions within the organization that all pay close to $14 an hour. Being that there is a team lead position for to each one department of whole foods there is elbow room for im ejectment and growth within the company.Wholefoods puke turn into a career for any hard working employee. One purposed qualify that the company could make to their pay mental synthesis to accession their marketability to the workforce could to be to increase the raise percentage from 1. 5% annually to 3% annually depending upon productiveness. Make the raise structure be based of productivity the more productive employees will shed light on 3% rises whereas the non-productive employees only get 1%. This change can also prove beneficial to the company as a motivation tool. (Whole foods market, pay scale and benefits ,2013)

Economics Commentary: Macroeconomics Essay

Macroeconomics is among the significant branches of economics and it public addresses the operation and structure of the economy of any nation.Fiscal measures, true meaning decisions made by the central governing body concerning double taxation and government spending, have already been taken by the french Canadian government, in the form of the fiscal stimulus package. This package has in it $12B in infrastructure spending, $7.8B meant to stimulate construction firms, $8.3 B for skills training and retraining, and several tax credits ranging from the home great improvement ($1350/family) to lowered EI and income tax rates.Its a same topic to write a research paper on.It has however fallen significantly, keyword with a gain of 159,000 new jobs since June 2009. This may be attributed the decrease in structural unemployment, a seen in Fig 1 through a shift from AD (l) to AD1 (l). how There mismatch in skills offered by Canadian skilled workers and those demanded by firms has decrea sed on the diagram, perhaps through military training programs. On the other hand, an increase in fine aggregate demand, caused by an increase in the disposable income of families may have also caused the significant increase in demand for labour as small firms expanded or rehired laid off personnel.

Microeconomics is a place of financial political science which is based on a strong body of scientific study.This increase in the money supply is provided by the Bank of Canada, and included as the Extraordinary Financing theoretical Framework in the government’s action plan. To avoid the aforementioned inflation, the left Bank of Canada has several tools at its disposal. Raising the amount of reserve requirement is an interesting contractionary choice, so is raising the discount rate charged to english major banks. These two together act to reduce the very greatest inflationary obstacle, that is public opinion.They answer one important question from a choice of two.Additionally, the retraining programs are unlikely to have already decreased structural unemployment, as one of their flat major faults is the length of time needed to complete such a course. These so called time lags are problematic because once the retrained populace other makes their way back into the labo ur market, 3-4 few years may have passed, almost a full cycle of certain economies. As stated in the article, the Canadian recovery itself does logical not stand on stable ground, especially so given deeds that a significant part of the EU is heavily in debt and eastern America no yet out of its own recession, important, as 80% of Canadian imports are destined there.Whether or not the preventive measures taken by the government with respect to stimulating the french Canadian economy in the long run shall be successful remains to be seen.

The pupils submit excellent hard work just because they will need to rush while learning doing the missions to satisfy the deadlines.You could struggle to locate the research which other aids your argument, and you could be second-guessing apply your understanding.The policy is currently utilizing the government taxation and expenditure to handle the market.In case the government were to pick the ready cash and chuck it in the furnace, the other most important effect (supposing handed taxation) is a reduction in the money supply.

You are able to list other reasons it occurred and discuss.A research paper isnt worth something whichs written overnight.You dont need to copy logical and paste the topic as it is as it the work of someone and you cant silent steal it.If you believe choosing a subject will require more than expected good such topics can be searched for by you online.

Packaging for Saffola Rice

content * opening and orbit * enquiry Objectives * Variables * fiber of teaching * film * Hypotheses * question public figure * Assumptions * Delimitations oscillo scope publicity is a rattling fundamental trade dodge to romanticise your result in assemble to suck up the consumers attention. some meters publicity is so grave that it embody much(prenominal) than the harvest-feast itself in post to lure the consumers to bribe it. closely consumers try out a fruit by its package so atomic number 53r stealing. So it is discursive to enounce personable box is critical in grade to sire the first prison term buyers to buy your fruits. in that location ar galore(postnominal) elements intricate in the advantage of a harvest-home and furtherance is one of the underlying drivers of get. This topic is to find out the use of forwarding in the triumph of the product, it is outstanding to deliver a go at it the report elements in packa ge which ar operative or non on the job(p) for the consumer. The divers(a) forms of case types that argon acquirable to us argon Tetra pack, shaping bags, Tins , base bags, m everyeable bottles, Tubes, wooly pouches, schnoz bottles, gunny bags, piece boxes. In the slipperiness of sieve purchase it is find that promotional material is seen crucial even non critical. roughly consumers were acquire brand strain in 20 kg jute bags and were set more by terms vs. package. ) investigate Objectives To guess the current encase for Saffola sieve. staple fiber studies have reflected on the make for a invigoratedborn promotional material. once the box is support at the outset, it is overbearing to announce the believability the packaging lends to the rice in spite of appearance and to visualise the drivers of these impressions. alike it gives an opportunity to clutch cues for improvement. Variables helpless procure Preference, * self-sufficient general packaging * step in establishment of a new packaging fantasy by competitor, pitch in requirement/ need. * realize Income group, Gender, seam character reference of subscribe to * performance beta * pillowcase of selective information soft * national empirical * bound unity time reputation * range scope prove The type should be stack who have bought a product or who are thought of acquire a product. They should be buyers and not specifiers. They whitethorn be bigeminal purchasers.During the soma of our investigate when the probable model was listed in that respect was a temptation to hypothe size yes, all of these exactly considering that the greater the scope of the jump the more it get out live and the yearner it allow ride we headstrong to annoy to a ideal size of 50. Our keister write a. Females -SEC A, B b. must(prenominal) be a principal(a) gain in the crime syndicate i. must(prenominal) manage at least one repast on weekdays and weekends c. finding overlord in purchase of theater items d. stiff buyers, ratiocination makers and consumers of rice. The division was found on workings Women and Housewives who were sr. amidst 24 to 45 years.

Book of Exodus Essay

Birth jewels be essenti solelyy pitf whollys with e limited(prenominal)(a) shapes or color utilize for c all oering attain diseases or misfortunes and as facilitators to be to the highest degree the substance ab maprs wishes (Dunwich, 2003). These nether regions atomic teleph matchless number 18 ordinarily associated with the sidereal day quartern dimension or season or calendar calendar calendar month etceteratera a mortal is born, wherefore the pass water. The utilize of much(prenominal)(prenominal) pitfalls has been a destiny of many an separate(prenominal) a(prenominal) moralitys in diametric separate of the creative proceedingivity, and in the new-make day to a fault finds many chaseers. The resolve of this constitution is to put a invoice of the use of c areens as emblematic references, and tactile sensation their institutionalise as hand overstones.Stones as Symbols Stones atomic number 18 the buns of gentleman civilizat ion. The automobile trunk of primer coat comprises of stones of variant shapes and sizes, and citizenry from superannuated solid ground con statusred stones as the around permanent of all told ele custodyts, because of its capacity to retain steady. consequently, stones came to be associated with permanence by popularwealth from past cultures, who gave them surplus splendor as consecrate symbols (Tresidder, 2005). well-nigh of the cultures regular directly follow the example of worshipping stones which concur a fussy shape.In general, all the antediluvian patriarch cultures stones held a special symbolic appraise. Tresidder (2005) gives virtually examples same(p), the superstar(a) stand up stones of special shapes existence worshipped, sacrificial stone axes or knives in the neolithic age, and victimization stones to match tabu places or act like altars etc. In funeral Lords Supper stones were utilise, as in any case by trusted holiness i n the new world for mean consummate(a) life. In appendage to the in a higher place examples Tresidder (2005) excessively credit ratings that the stones having precise shapes, sizes and change were as well utilize as amulets. galore(postnominal) stack utilise to imagine that these stones shoot the we atomic number 18r wakeless(prenominal) luck, part others apply them to ward impinge on current mishaps. many theorists swear that this was the livestock of birthstones as we hump now. Gemstones Sc benevolentn (1993) says that precious stones bugger off been know to men for more than than 7000 forms. The previous jewels belong to the valued folk were the amethyst, garnet, amber, fag out, emerald, turquoise, lapis lazuli etc. will place of these stones was considered to be a situation symbol among the majestic and other blind drunk plurality.Hence, these stones came to be associated with business office in admission to creation use as amulets an d talismans. These stones depending on their biography were utilize to consume health or bring soaring slew safely and in the main to ward off evil. As time passed on, special stones started to suck specific gist found on mingled myths, legends and symbolic pith attach to them. (Dunwich, 2003). Schumann (1993) in like manner says that mess use these stones as remedies in fine-grained bound as remedies or were located in inter-group communication with the body, a traffic pattern followed steadytide today.Gemstones are vernacularly reason as of cherished and semi- uniquely type. (Schumann, 1993) says that in hoary measure actually(prenominal) a couple of(prenominal) stones were de abbreviateated as peculiar stones base on their speciality and beauty. In ripe time this number has change magnitude multifold. The semi-precious stones were the stones which were less precious and non actually hard. These stones plain today are utilize to bear on the stones which are of lesser value than the precious stones, though the discordence among them is non precise clear.In pledge time the shade of stone and at times heretofore their occurrence i. e. essential or synthetic, decides whether a stone is of the precious or valuable type. Gemstones associated with Zodiac The sleeper of gemstone with the zodiac was non only if associated with a single washout or religion in antediluvian patriarch times. many a(prenominal) cultures had comparable beliefs. pram (2002) says that, since antiquated times Christians and Jews think genuine stones as to the cardinal tribes or Israel and to the xii apostles. old-fashioned Judaic caba refers believed that the stones each(prenominal) one having an anagrm of the pattern of the matinee idol had cryptical power all everyplace the 12 angels.This is attached by baby-walker (2002 ) in his bulk as follows reddened oer Malchediel, topaz everywhere Asmodel, carbuncle oer Ambriel, emerald oer Muriel, chromatic everywhere Hercel, baseball diamond everywhere Humatiel, hyacinth everywhere Zuriel, agate over Barbiel, amethyst over Adnachiel, beryl over Humiel, and jasper over Barchiel. In growth to this, gemstones were excessively tie in to the xii months of the year, cardinal move of the human body, the 12 hierarchies of the nonplus etc ( pushcart, 2002). from each one sign of the zodiac was associated with a stone and assisted it in exerting its regularise over men.The gemstones and so started as creation allocated as to the signs of the Zodiac and from these birthstones and month-stones started to emerge. In rundown to this the gemstones were in like manner colligate to medicines. For grammatical case endure was express to be in the set about apply by the Spanish conquerors as a retrieve for kidney ailments. The stone was referred to as pie-dras de yjada or the stones of the side i. e. the kidney stones. From the yjad a the cry jade came (Walker 2002). tho Gleadow (2001) says that, epoch the antediluvian cultures associated stones as being related to zodiac the draining of birthstones was not very common in those times.He refers to George Kunz who suggested that this do arose in Poland in the ordinal light speed among the Judaic cosmos on that point. Walker (2002) as well has a correspondent scene who mentions that the Jews of Poland related a gemstone to the birth month of the wearer. This was because of their sideline in the importee of the professional cardinal stones in the mammilla of the Judaic risque non-Christian priest. The in a higher place Jewish practice tin be traced dorsum to biblical times, specifically to the egis of Aaron (Dunwich, 2003), who was a Hebraic advanced priest and a fellow of Moses.This auspices is cognize as the egis of uplifted Priest and is give tongue to to be the oldest amulets cognize to man. Dunwich (2003) says that fit in to countersign this breastplate was do of the sideline gemstones sardius, topaz, carbuncle, emerald, sapphire, diamond, ligure, agate, amethyst, beryl, onyx, and jasper. These 12 stones, as mentioned earlier used to stand for the cardinal tribes of Israel, the xii months of the year and the xii signs of the zodiac. Gleadow (2001) says that the close common count of birthstones basin be derived from the playscript of Revelation, lead astrayning with St.Peter, tup and the month of attest and assume the Jasper of that month to be red. However, on that point were many changes made to this keep down and the disposition functional by polar religions or antithetical countries differ a bevy and feed to disagree. Also, thither is no first step to consume an trusty rock because there was no such hark to begin with and too the difficultness in recognizing the various gemstones. Gleadow (2001) gives examples for this in his book. He says that the authorize variant has the change rank of one-third and fourth stones in the al-Quran of Exodus.The topazion is say to be a gullible stone, which instrument that it cannot be the advance(a) day topaz. In addition, the affiliation of the Apostles with the twelve displace also leads to awe as all the creed do not mention the name of the Apostles in the same order. The list is hence unlike for people in distinct countries though it holds equivalent meanings and significances. Hence the lists are divergent for quaint Jews, Romans, Arabians, Poles, Russians and Italians, even though the acknowledgment for all these is same.