Values of Parents Essay Example for Free

Values of Parents Essay Good Parents should guide children in family unity. Family unity is a family being together in happy and peaceful. Also, the meaning of family unity is that regardless of how bad a situation may be it will bring us closer together and make our bond stronger. It would have nice to have parents to enforce rules at home. For example, if parents would have been home children would have done homework instead of going outside to play. Another example is sitting together as a family to have dinner made family more closely. There were many things we have discussed at the dinner table. We talk about how our day, the happenings at school , work, upcoming events, share funny stories and express concerns about thing of important to us. Having parents spend time with children are very good example of family values. Read more: Lessons Learned From Parents Another valuable that parents belief is education. Most parents believed that education is a value for success in the future. A parents role is to support their child academic growth.. My parents always support me. They had me observe how they both work hard to support family. They explained to me if they had had college education, things would be a little easier for our family. If my parents had not given me self confidence, I wouldnt have enrolled in college. Parents are very important to their childrens education. All parents want their children to be a successful person in future. They influence their kids as much as good thing whenever they could. Find good school for their children; support them when they need help. Teach them how to be good person and go to school for better life. Parents are very important to a childs life.

Coca Cola Bonite Bottlers Moshi

Coca Cola Bonite Bottlers Moshi Bonite Bottling Limited (BBL) is Franchise Company operates under lances of Coca Cola Company in USA it deals with bottles and distributes twelve (12) Coca Cola brands of drinks. A subsidiary of the IPP Group of companies, Bonites main plant is located in Moshi in the Kilimanjaro region of northern Tanzania. BBL also bottles its own brand of bottled water: Kilimanjaro Drinking Water. The company operates in 4 major regions of Northern Tanzania Kilimanjaro, Arusha, Manyara and Singida. BBL has over 450 permanent employees, most of them men with only 18 women. Over 300 of the employees are based at the main plant. BBL also employs casual employees, some of whom are employed for periods of up to 6 months. In the peak season (August to Jan/February), there are approximately 400 casual employees and in the low season the number declines to about 200. COCA COLA BRANDS Varieties of Coca Cola brands produced by BBL company such as Fanta Orange, Fanta Passion, Spaleta Pinute, Spaleta Citrus, Stoney Tangawizi, Coca cola, Light Coke, Sprite, Bitter Lemon, Seven Up, Fanta Black Currant, Kilimanjaro Drinking Water, Crystal, Club soda, Ginger ale, Tonic. BBL REQUIREMENT Strategy Global partners but supplying locally, including local content market Considering BBL as a preferred customers when giving access to innovation. Transparency in terms of cost and strategy Develop Complete system supplier where it adds value. Technical skills / innovation skills. Residential chemist when required Referenced definitions of supplier development (or customer development or SC development) A supplier development should function at establishing suppliers network performance, not browbeating them into charging less or simply auditing and rewarding them. Instead, supplier development is all about on condition that suppliers with what they need to be successful in the supply chain. There some of the most important functions of a supplier development program should be aimed at achieving as following: Lower supply chain total cost A firm might be able to reduce total cost to serve a customer as a result of spending more for faster, dependable transportation because the overall cost of inventory associated with the process may be reduced by an amount greater than that being spent for premium transportation Increased profitability for all supply chain participants Increase the profit is the main objective of supply chain management the firm should focus on how can earn much profit by supply their product in the location / place where there is advantage competition. This will come out when the management will consider distributing the product in the place where it seems that demand are always increase regards to the influenced factors of that area/ place. Therefore when demand of that product having a tendency of grow up, the firm should distribute the products at a large amount to ensure the supply are always mach with demand this will lead to generate and increase profit when the supplier will sell their product at surplus cost compare general cost of the product Increased product quality Increase production quality are normally considered as strong point can support supply development because supply develop it may happen depend on the responsiveness of the consumer behavior, any consumer make consideration on the quality of the product when he/she thinking on buying product. The consumer will always motivated to buy product seems having desirable quality without fear how much expensive cost it is. Therefore for the case of firm to develop supply of their product should consider increasing quality in product or services compare to other competitors in the market. Near-perfect on-time-delivery at each point in the supply chain The presence of the product or services once its needed on time within a market it always make consumer having confidence of utilize that product and after being common to them it became very hard for another product to replace the uses of this product among consumers. The supply development also influenced with the behavior of delivery product/services into the market, Providing information about products, expected sales growth, etc. Presence of communication about product/ services is one of the biggest factor influenced developed of the supply chain network. Lack of information translates into additional costs (usually in the form of just-in-case inventory). Suppliers need to become extensions of their customers. Training in the application of lean and quality tools. Asking suppliers to drop their price without giving them the know-how to lower their costs through lean implementation is not sustainable long-term. In other words, this will drive suppliers out of business, which goes against the purpose of supplier development SUPPLY CHAIN According to John, J.J et al (2009) Efficient and Effective supply chain can free up valuable resources and improve customer fulfillment system so as to increase return on investment or assets and improve shareholder value. The performance of supply chain must be measured in team of overall corporate goal for success. Supply chain need to focus on the customer at the end of the supply chain and be flexible and responsive. Supply chain can be determined with capital consumption since they impact working capital, Inventory level, and other assets such as warehouse The foundations needed for successful development Dignified process for selecting items for supplier integration Supply management should focus on determine the kinds of the services and material used for the implementation and successful of the new product. Supply management should make estimation of the total costs of the materials and services which will help on making right decision either to implement and authorized in the new product develop process. Supply management should also control and monitor all actions that will be involved in the supply market to prepare and fixed cost of the product in the market. Also supply management has responsibility of examine and invite new technology innovation that could help to increase supply development. Use of cross-function team for supplier evaluation and selection Evaluation and selection by using cross-function team to formulate supplier team contribute much on the how supply chain could be developed, supply management has responsibility on evaluate and select a team which could uses to achieving the target objectives. These teams must building by selecting those suppliers who are creative and innovator who can be able to survive on the market. Early supplier selection for both design work and full volume production The early supplier selection helping on formulating team which will be used to eliminate obstacles could being faced supply management by putting effort and consideration in the following: Targets, This will involved in ensure that the supply can achieve on target regarding quality of the product, cost and other performance criteria. Timing, the supplier should be able to deliver their products/ services on time and before deadline. Innovation Technical: The supplier should acquire expertise and physical factor to develop an adequate output and solve the problem when they occur. Supplier membership and participation on the buying companys project team. The membership and association of the supplier members with the buying product companys team should increase availability of efficient of the services agreement between them. Direct cross-function intercompany communication during the project Co-location of buyer and supplier company personnel. Formal business unit trust development efforts Sharing of technology between buyer and supplier companies. The ability of sharing technology between buyer and supplier increase assurance of supply development when the buyer explain to the suppliers how could they being satisfied when the new technology will be involved on making and increase quality on the products. Joint education/training effort between buyer and supplier companies. The training and education about product supplied should be implemented between buyer and suppliers, this well helping on increase supply development when the buyer will be aware of about product quality and improvement which could What it seeks to achieve (its objectives): The Objectives for BBL Company The target of BBL objectives of supply chain is about to maximize the overall value generated. The value a supply chain generates is the difference between what the final product is worth to the customers and the cost of supply chain incurs in fillings the customers request. Supply chain value: difference between what the final products is worth to the customer and the effort the supply chain expends in filling the customers request Value is correlated to supply chain profitability (difference between revenue generated from the customer and the overall cost across the supply chain) To improve technology is the among of the objective for supply chain management of the BBL that should always examined to ensure the goal of attaining profit has implemented To control and promote total quality supply management, this is also objective of the Suppliers chain strategic of BBL, they are focus on arrange and prepare guides which will be suitable for the whole process of controlling supply and ensure the acquire profit. Logistics (just time practice) this is another objective of the BBL supply development to ensure that the material and all items needed for the making product to be available prepare on time. The assurance of availability of material once it needed it will help on making products at on time there therefore it reduce tendency of delay in the market. Another objective is to determined and establishing pricing policy of the products, this will be done after the market researcher make analysis and survey in the all place where targeted for supply process for product, The pricing will involved the general cost for product include the cost for supply and targeted profit which will also totalized and forming product price for the last consumer Sources of supply chain revenue: Source of supply chain revenue is also considered by BBL as objective for supply development. This objective are conducted by the supplier team to ensure they achieved on generate revenue at resulted on implementation of the Sources of supply chain cost: flows of information, products, or funds between stages of the supply chain The reason and driving forces for suppliers (or customer or SC) development actually to take place According to Chopra, S. and Meindl, (2007) The strategic fit requires that a company supply chain achieves the balance between responsiveness and efficiency that best meets the needs of the companys competitive strategy, this involves drivers of supply chain performance. Facilities: physical location in the supply chain network where products is stored, assembly or fabricated. Facilities are categorized into two parts which is production sites and storage sites. Inventory: raw materials, work in process and finished goods within a supply chain Transportation: is the means of moving inventory from point to point in supply chain.. Information: is potentially the biggest driver of supply chain performance because it directly affects each of the other drives. Data and analysis concerning facilities, inventory, transportation, costs, price, and customer throughout the supply chain responsive and more efficient. Pricing: This determines how much a firm will charge for goods and services that it makes available in the supply chain. It affects the behavior of the buyer of the goods or services, thus affects supply chain performance. Sourcing: Is the choice of who will perfume a particular supply chain activity such as production, storage, transportation or the management of information. What supplier (or customer or SC) development actually is in real life. Supply development has been examined by the real life example of the company which used her has case study. The survey has been taken which could help to develop suppliers together with the problems to successes of the suppliers development strategic of the company. The benchmarking survey has been focused on the critical strategic of the supply chain management and procurement. The results of the response rate for the supplier development from BBL include the following indication: Industry product (78%), Service (7%), Consumer non-durable products (13%), capital goods (2%), Consumer durable product (5%) The survey of this indications help to study targets areas after make research and interviews with purchasing executive, quality managers and operation market managers in the BBL company. It help on making comparison of the other competitors of the same products manufacture The different types (or categories) of cross-company improvement initiatives that take place (eg. Manufacturing quality/cost/delivery, process, design, communication, knowledge sharing and learning, infrastructure improvement etc The, Company purchases sweeteners, carbon dioxide, plastic bottles, cans, closures, other containers and other packaging materials as well as equipment for the production, distribution and marketing of soft drinks. Except for sweeteners, cans, carbon dioxide and plastic bottles, the Company purchases its raw materials from multiple suppliers. Cross Company is the situation where by the manufactured company complete the whole procedure of manufacture product by intermediate with other company which supplied the initial materials which will be assembled together and forming products from origin company. Cross company involve the presence of other manufactured products which will combined together from different company and manufacture the product, this working as interlinking between companies where the communication are made and agreement established Who is involved in making it happen? Supplier relationship at BBL happened when involves the different level and types of intellectual persons who will evaluate and control the whole process of supply in order to achieve the targeted result. Any supplier who wishes to be BBL supplier needed to understand and accept BBL core values. Evaluation: BBL evaluates the request application for supplier membership in order to select the potential suppliers who can perform well in their position. Selection: After evaluation complete, source committees decide on the suppliers to be awarded as their requesting The supply chain management for BBL company has categories their distribution process at different levels as indicated from above cycle view, the cycle view of supply chains gives detail on how distribution taking place and the stage where products should passed and reached to consumer The first phase Supplier- manufacture:In this phase the process of procurement has been involved, suppliers are distribute materials and other facilities which are used to produce and manufacture product, Company purchases sweeteners, carbon dioxide, plastic bottles, cans, closures, other containers and other packaging materials as well as equipment for the production, distribution and marketing of soft drinks. Except for sweeteners, cans, carbon dioxide and plastic bottles, the Company purchases its raw materials from multiple suppliers. As describe by Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Consolidated(2006) The Company purchases substantially all of its plastic bottles (20-ounce, half liter, 390 ml and 2 liter sizes) from manufacturing plants which are owned and operated by two cooperatives of Coca-Cola bottlers, including the Company. None of the materials or supplies used by the Company are in short supply, although the supply of specific materials (including plastic bottles, which are formulated using petroleum-based products) could be adversely affected by strikes, weather conditions, governmental controls or national emergency conditions. Second phase, Manufacture-Distributer, After manufactured products by BBL company then it taking by the distribute/ supplier team who are arranged on how to conduct the all process of distributing in the place where having a duties to supply softness drinking, this distributors located and having distribution centre known as depot which is in each region where the company deal with. This involve the process of manufacture cycle where until manufacture process of the products will be completed, then the movement of products to the distributer will follower, the department of supply management take responsibility of known to whom, when and how the distribution will take place just in time without delay for update and motivate supply development. Third phase, Distributer- Retailer: the BBL company also introduces this system of supply where the retailers are invited to working together as agent for BBL company, after agreement between company, they will operate as agent and will be given discount when they buying products which will help them to survive in the market Fourth phase, Retailer Consumer: this is last stage where the products come to the hand of last consumer where BBL company intended to produce and manufacturing product to became consumed by the last consumer and the BBL supply management has read estimate the price where should paying by consumer to generate profit of suppliers. According to Ramsey ( 2001) Unique purchasing activities that are strategically oriented toward accomplishing firms goal, help the firm to sustain its competitive advantage As describe by Carr and Pearson (2002) The purchasing functions capabilities indicate that the activities performed by purchasing as well as the other functional areas, contribute to a firms total capabilities. How is it achieved (e.g. the various approaches that are used) using real life examples where possible. To establishing and maintaining to achieve Supply Development for BBL company considered the different aspect related with supply chain management There various approaches have been used to achieve Supply Development for BBL company the real life examples as also being involved. How its achieved has indicated by three stage where have been involved to make positive result of supply development. These three stages as following: PART 1. ANALYSIS The role of purchasing and supply chain Industrial buying behavior (Decision making in purchasing) Purchasing management process Purchasing and facilities management Buying business services Public procurement Market structure and supply market research PART 2. STRATEGY AND PLANNING Outsourcing and Risk management Purchasing and business strategy Category sourcing: Getting better result from supplier Purchasing, innovation and quality control Purchasing and supply chain management Getting organized for purchasing Purchasing Performance Management PART 3 PRACTISES Supplier assessment and supplier Development Supplies/ Buying for retailer company Purchasing, social responsibilities and ethics The risks, costs and benefits to each party, and if/how they are measured. Risk According to Bowerson, D.J ed al (2010) Risks that have substantial supply chain include: Production Complexity refers to the number of the product design variation that the firm decides to offer and corresponding support. The required activities include all actions related to product development, sourcing, manufacture, delivery, and aftermarket support. Complexity management is the collective set of decisions, supporting process, value systems and initiative pertaining to the most effective product portfolio such as the mix of product variants, features sets, and component choices Benefits for Production Complexity: Better product development Improved product quality and reliability Improved demand/ forecasting/ Customer Services Lower sales support cost/ resource Increased flexibility and reduce lead time Regulatory Supply chain management involve many interactions with external parties such as consumer, supplier, government, and competitors, As a result, supply chain management is increasingly subject to regulation protecting individual, commerce, and the environment. A promotional law may proved financial or tax advantages for completing supply chain activity in a specific country or region. National, regional, and local taxes can impact supply chain design in multiple ways including property, Income and value added taxes (VAT) Resource Availability While global supply chain operations can significantly increase firm opportunities in term of resource availability, technology, and market access, they also substantially increase dependence on critical resources including expertise and transport capability. Significant changes in the availability or cost of these resource can dramatically change supply chain design and operations. The main part considered when discussed on resource availability as following: Supply chain expertise Most important, Supply Chain Management professional should have experience in multiple supply chain functions and must be able to lead or direct the design, implementation, and management of cross-functional supply chain solutions Dischinger et al. have suggested that a true supply chain management executive must have skills and capabilities in five areas (1) Functional Skills (2) Technical Skill (3) Leadership Skills (4) Global Management (5) Experience and Credibility Transport capability The result of dramatic fluctuation in fuel and resulting transportation cost is that supply chain must be regularly reassessed to determine what network structure and strategy are best for a firm Outsourcing Another means that firms are using to manage risk is the use of logistics and supply chain outsourcing to third- party logistic (3PL) firms or Logistics intergrators. Security Cost The cost which has been involved in the supply chain of the products including the costs of acquired warehouse, transport, capital for storage. The supply developed will be sustain and continues if the warehouse will be allocated in the place where its targeted as point for develop supply chain network. Where by lease or by building new warehouse but in any way the cost will be involved Transport cost also are the cost which are always involved in the process of the supply development, this cost normally involved in the cost of the product when suppliers or supply management estimate on the price of the products. Benefits 10. What targets and measures are used to justify undertaking the development activity. To produce a large volume of BBL products and develop its internal and external market share through distribution and supply a large and wider range of products. To promote ability of the manufacture PET performs will also need for the presence of strategic for supply chain management this will help to measure and justify the development activities which has been undertaking by the BBL company. The way of communication between suppliers and buyer will also provide in which extent the development activities has been achieved. This may result for the The collection of performance measures, characteristics, and information describing the current supply environment is called the situation analysis. There some of the topics frequently covered during an internal review. The purpose of the internal review is not detailed data collection but rather a diagnostic look at current logistic processes and procedures as well as probe to determine what type of data are available. The market assessment is review of the trend and service demands required by customers. The market assessment objective is to document and formalized customers perceptions and desires with regard to potential changes in the firms supply capabilities. Any lessons learnt or mistake made. There are Common Supply Chain Problems Do BBL Face Regardless of the Economic Situation? The BBL company has been always working on establishing the performance of the supply chain network but there some mistakes has been done which remain has hindrance of achieving some of the objectives. For example, they know that they cant tread water on developing their people, while their competitors maintain focus. They know the time will never be better to address the strategic issues they face: The mistakes which have being involved that should be addressed and finding for solutions are: Too Much Slow-Moving and Obsolete Inventory Companies struggle with stepping up to the problem of disposing of obsolete product in a timely manner. There is always the resistance to reduce price. Unfortunately, this product never gets more valuable. It sits there month after month consuming cash, and incurring inventory holding costs until it is finally scrapped or sold at a steep discount, sometimes literally years afterward. Its a classic case of pay me nowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.or pay me more later. Supply Chain Considerations Not Part of the Product Design Process When product design engineers develop a new product, they rarely consider inventory, transportation, or warehousing issues. Sometimes small changes in a product configuration  can yield big logistics savings. This applies to retailers as well as manufacturers. Retailers should not ignore the new product development process in their suppliers. No Supply Chain Strategy It is surprising that few firms have a documented supply chain strategy. Such a strategy starts with assessing the future needs of their customers. The strategy development process then determines the new supply chain capabilities the company will need in the future to meet its customers needs. Eventually specific initiatives need to be chartered to deliver these capabilities. Unfortunately most supply chain organizations are so consumed with the daily battles of cutting cost, managing inventory, and delivering good customer service that that they dont plan properly for the future, sometimes with disastrous results. Ineffective Matching of Supply with Demand This problem stems from the classic struggle among functional silos in most companies. On an overly simplistic basis, Sales is driven by revenue generation, while Operations strives to cut cost. Often these goals conflict with each other. Leading firms address this issue by establishing a Sales and Operations Planning process to align the various corporate functions around a plan that matches supply capabilities with demand requirements. Most firms attempt to do this, but most would acknowledge that they still have a long way to go. Physical Network Problems Where should warehouses be placed in this era of incredibly volatile transportation costs? This question is a very prominent topic today. Just a few months ago it seems, transportation cost were being driven up rapidly driven by the cost of fuel, driver shortages and other factors. Now everyone expects that situation to return, but who knows when? Logisticians are confused to say the least; and the old answers dont work anymore. One thing is certain however. All firms should question their physical network configuration under a wide range of future fuel prices. Global Issues and Outsourcing Problems The global arena offers an even more confusing picture. Many firms are re-thinking the mad rush to outsource outside the United States. The long supply lines, incredibly volatile fuel costs, exchange rates, the geopolitical risks have all come home to roust. Yet few firms consider the total cost of an outsourcing decision, and even fewer incorporate the additional risk of a global source in their analysis. Conclusion Since almost all companies face some combination of these seven issues, a rich database of best practices exists that can be transferred across highly diverse industries. It is critical that all firms engage in outreach activities such as forum participation and benchmarking to make sure they understand these best practices. Once they see how other companies address these issues; they need to develop an urgent action plan to implement the essential changes. Supply chain is the frontier of competition. Only by aggressively addressing challenges like those listed above can firms effectively compete in the increasingly intense global environment of the future Future trends in this subject area. Designing Distribution Networks The Role of Distribution in the Supply Chain of the BBLs products Distribution: the steps taken to move and store a product from the manufacture/supplier stage to the customer stage in a supply chain. Distribution done by BBLs product conducted in two different ways, first way by one to one door and secondly by distributers directly affects cost and the customer experience and therefore drives profitability Choice of distribution network can achieve supply chain objectives from low cost to high responsiveness Factors Influencing Distribution Network Design Design Options for a Distribution Network BBL manage the warehouse depots as distributer centre for their products at Arusha, Kilimanjaro Singida and Manyara the plant warehouse currently has total of 150,000 tons The following is the estimation of BBL distribution cost for 2011 Region Quantity demand (Create) Transportation cost per create Tsh Kilimanjaro 470,000 200 Arusha 600,000 300 Manyara 450,000 350 Singida 500,000 350 The cost of a warehousing solution is a function of or the total cost of transport cost, holding (inventory) cost, and warehousing (leasing) cost. For this year 2011 , the constraint from the 4 regions is given as (470,000, 600,000, 450,000, 500,000). Thus, the total demand is 2,120,000 creates which is less than the 2,000,000 time limit of one small warehouse. For one warehouse the lease expense is 500,000; the total inventory expense is =70,110,125. The Transport expense for the year 2011 is calculated as follows: (320,000*200+200,000*300+160,000*350+220,000*350) = Total distribution costs are 505,000+710,125+4432500-4275000=1372625. According to Cousins, P en al (2008) supplier Collaboration module will help to ensure that future supplier capacity requirement will be in place to meet future demand requirement for new products and services. In effect, this linked system would enable a single view of the entire supply chain. Managers could analyses the factors and the supply chain simultaneously and synchronize demand and supply. Distribution centre would act as a s

Evaluation Of An Error Control Codec Information Technology Essay

Evaluation Of An Error Control Codec Information Technology Essay The assignments object is to design and evaluate an error control codec. This aims to prove in practice the Hamming code theory. In the first part there is a design of an encoder and its simulation. From the encoder simulation we can figure how the code words are generated and when a codeword is valid. The decoder purpose is to recover the codeword from the received word. To accomplish this, syndrome theory was used. A design and a simulation of the decoder is shown in answer 2. Final, a codec is designed with an addition of XOR gates to introduce errors. The main reason of this is to understand why Hamming code can detect 2 errors and correct only one. Introduction to Hamming linear block codes Noise causes errors (data distortion) during transmission. So, a received message has bit errors. A repercussion of noise is the alteration of one or more bits of a codeword. Alteration of a bit means inversion of its situation because signals have binary form. Some examples of noisy communication channels are: a) an analogue telephone line which, over which two modems communicate digital information and b) a disk drive. There are two solutions that can achieve perfect communication over an imperfect noisy communication channel, physical and system solution. Physical modifications increase the cost of the communication channel. Information theory and coding theory offer an alternative approach: we accept the given noisy channel as it is and add communication systems to it, so that we can detect and correct the errors introduced by the channel. As shown in figure 1, we add an encoder before the channel and a decoder after it. The encoder encodes the source message s into a transmitted message t, adding redundancy to the original message in some way. The channel adds noise to the transmitted message, yielding a received message r. The decoder uses the known redundancy introduced by the encoding system to infer both the original signal and the added noise. Figure 1 Error correcting codes for the binary symmetric channel [1] The only cost for system solution is a computational requirement at the encoder and decoder. Error detection and error correction In order to make error correction possible, the bit errors must be detected. When an error has been detected, the correction can be obtained by: a) receiver asks for repeated transmission of the incorrect codeword until a correct one has been received Æ’Â   Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) b) using the structure of the error correcting code to correct the error Æ’Â   Forward Error Correction (FEC). Forward Error Correction is been use for this assignment. Error Detection Automatic Repeat Request Forward Error Correction Block Code Block Code Convolutional Code Figure 2 The main methods to introduce error correction coding Linear block codes Linear block codes are a class of parity check codes that can be characterized by the (n, k) notation. The encoder transforms a block of k message digits into a longer block of n codeword digits constructed from a given alphabet of elements. When the alphabet consists of two elements (0 and 1), the code is a binary code comprising binary digits (bits).[4] The current assignment of linear block codes is restricted to binary codes. The output of an information source is a sequence of binary digits 0 or 1 (since we discuss about binary codes). In block coding, this binary information sequence is segmented into message blocks of fixed length. Each block can represent any of 2k distinct messages. The channel encoder transforms each k-bit data block into a larger block of n bits, called code bits. The (n-k) bits, which the channel encoder adds to each data block, are called redundant or parity bits. Redundant or parity bits carry no information. Such a code is referred to as an (n, k) code. [5] The encoding result is the codeword. Any generator matrix of an (n, k) code can be reduced by row operations and column permutations to the systematic form. [6] We call a systematic code the code where the first k digits (information or message bits) of the code word are exactly the same as the message bits block and the last n-k digits are the parity bits as it shown below. Message Information bits Redundant or parity bits k n-k n digit codeword Figure 3 (n, k systematic block code) Encoding and Decoding of Linear Block Codes The generator matrix is a matrix of basis vectors. The generator matrix G for an (n, k) block code can be used to generate the appropriate n-digit codeword from any given k-digit data sequence. The H and corresponding G matrices for the current assignment block code (6, 3) are shown below: Æ’Â   H is the parity check matrix Æ’Â   G is the generator matrix The first three columns are the data bits and the rest three columns are the parity bits. Systematic code words are sometimes written so that the message bits occupy the left hand portion of the codeword and the parity bits occupy the right hand portion. This reordering has no effect on the error detection or error correction properties of the code.[4] Study of G shows that on the left of the dotted partition there is a 33 unit diagonal matrix and on the right of the partition there is a parity check section. This part of G is the transpose of the left hand portion of H. As this code has a single error correcting capability then dmin, and the weight of the codeword must be 3. As the identity matrix has a single one in each row then the parity check section must contain at least two ones. In addition to this constraint, rows cannot be identical. [7] The parity check bits are selected so they are independent of each other. The Hamming distance between two code words is defined as the number of bits in which they differ. The weight of a binary codeword is defined as the number of ones which it contains (the number of the nonzero elements-bits). The codeword is given by the multiplication of data bits and the generator matrix. The operations of modulo-2 multiplication (AND) and modulo-2 addition (EXOR) are used for the binary field. Æ’Â   EXOR addition Æ’Â   AND multiplication The parity check equations are shown below: If the components of the output transmission satisfy these equations: then the received codeword is valid. These equations can be written in a matrix form: where c is the codeword. The syndrome Let c be a code vector which was transmitted over a noisy channel. At the receiver we might obtain a corrupted vector r. Decoder must recover c from r. The decoder computes, S=Hr where S is called the syndrome and r is the received vector (arranged as a column vector) then if, then r is not a code word. The syndrome is the result of a parity check performed on r to determine whether r is a valid member of the codeword set. If r is a member the syndrome S has a value 0. If r contains detectable errors, the syndrome has some nonzero value. The decoder will take actions to locate the errors and correct them in the case of FEC. No column of H can be all zeros, or else an error in the corresponding codeword position would not affect the syndrome and would be undetectable. All columns of H must be unique. If two columns of H were identical, errors in these two corresponding codeword positions would be indistinguishable. [4] Hamming code can correct a single bit error and detect two bit errors assuming no correction is attempted. Answers to assignment questions Task 1 Design the encoder for a (6,3) Hamming single error correcting codec using the interleaved [P1P2D1P3D2D3] format. You can implement your parity generation using XOR gates. Simulate your circuit to check for correct operation. Answer 1 An encoder is a device used to change a signal (such as a bitstream) or data into a code. The code may serve any of a number of purposes such as compressing information for transmission or storage, encrypting or adding redundancies to the input code, or translating from one code to another. This is usually done by means of a programmed algorithm, especially if any part is digital, while most analog encoding is done with analog circuitry. [3] Encoder creates the codeword in a combination of information and parity bits. Interleaving is a way to arrange data in a non-contiguous way in order to increase performance and avoid burst errors. In our case we use interleaved to protect the data bits from continuous error. Figure 4 Encoder design for a (6,3) Hamming single error correcting codec Since the encoder is for a (6,3) Hamming single error correcting codec, that means there are 3 information bits and 3 parity bits. Thus, 8 code words are generated from the encoder Æ’Â   2k where k are information bits Æ’Â   23=8. The H and G matrix are shown below for a (6, 3) Hamming code: All possible code words Message x G = Codeword Weight [000] x G 000000 0 [001] x G 001011 3 [010] x G 010101 3 [100] x G 100110 3 [011] x G 011110 4 [101] x G 101101 4 [110] x G 110011 4 [111] x G 111000 3 Table 1 All possible code words The minimum distance is dmin=3 Figure 5 Encoder simulation Checking if c=(D1D2D3P1P2P3) is a codeword The EXOR gate () is a logic gate that gives an output of 1 when only one of its inputs is 1. X1 (Input) X2 (Input) Y1 (Output) 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 Table 2 Truth table of EXOR Gate Æ’Â   Æ’Â   Æ’Â   Æ’Â   Æ’Â   Æ’Â   c is a valid codeword. Task 2 Design the decoder for a (6,3) Hamming single error correcting coded using the interleaved [P1P2D1P3D2D3] format. You can use a 3-to-8 line decoder for syndrome decoding and XOR gates for the controlled inversion. Simulate your circuit to check for correct operation. Answer 2 A decoder is a device which does the reverse of an encoder, undoing the encoding so that the original information can be retrieved. The same method used to encode is usually just reversed in order to decode. [3] Decoder tries to reveal the correct data word from the codeword. Thus means that here is the process where detection and correction of codeword take place. Figure 6 Decoder design for a (6.3) Hamming single error correcting codec Decode the received codeword Figure 7 Decoder simulation r is the received word Æ’Â   111000 Æ’Â   Æ’Â   r is code word Task 3 Join your encoder to decoder and add an XOR gate with an input in each bit transmission line to allow you to introduce errors into the transmission. Simulate your circuit and check that it can cope with the six single errors as expected. Answer 3 Figure 8 Codec desing Figure 9 Six single errors As it shown from the above figure the codec can cope with the six single errors. This is possible because: Message x G = Encoder Codeword Weight [000] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 000000 0 [001] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 001011 3 [010] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 010101 3 [100] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 100110 3 [011] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 011110 4 [101] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 101101 4 [110] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 110011 4 [111] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 111000 3 Table 3 All possible code words and their hamming weight The minimum distance of a linear block code is defined as the smallest Hamming distance between any pair of code words in the code.[5] The minimum distance is dmin=3. The error correcting capability t of a code is defined as the maximum number of guaranteed correctable errors per codeword. where t is the error correcting capability For dmin=3 we can see that all t=1 bit error patterns are correctable. In general, a t-error correcting (n, k) linear code is capable of correcting a total of 2n-k error patterns.[4] Task 4 By experimenting with your implemented codec, examine the effect, in terms of additional errors, of (i) all 15 double errors, (ii) all 20 triple errors, (iii) all 15 quadruple errors, (iv) all 6 quintuple errors, (v) the single sextuple error. Note. You only need consider one of the 8 possible input data words. Why? Answer 4 (i) Figure 10 15 double errors (ii) Figure 11 20 triple errors (iii) Figure 12 15 quadruple errors (iv) Figure 13 6 quintuple errors (v) Figure 14 The single sextuple error Since the error correcting capability is tà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤1, our codec cant detect or correct more than 1 error. Thus, the above results. Task 5 Calculate the post codec probability of a code being in error, A(n), for each of the five categories examined in Task 4. Then calculate the overall number of errors per 6 bit word, Eav, given by the following model based on the binomial distribution as function of the channel bit error probability p. Plot the decoded error probability as function of p. Over what range of p do you conclude that this codec is useful and why? Answer 5 A(n)=1-(number of correct errors/number of total errors) A(n) is going to be always 1 except the case where the codec detects and corrects 1 single error Æ’Â   then A(n)=1 Using matlab for the plot p=[0:0.01:1]; Eav=[15*p.^2.*(1-p).^4+20*p.^3.*(1-p).^3+15*p.^4.*(1-p).^2+6*p.^5.*(1-p).^1+p.^6.*(1-p).^0];pd=Eav/6; plot(p,pd) xlabel(Bit error probability (p)) ylabel(Decoder error probability Pd(p)) grid on Figure 15 Plot of decoder error probability (pd) as function of p Conclusions Parity bits must be added for the error detection and correction. Hamming distance is the criterion for error detection and correction. Error detection can be done with addition of one parity bit but error correction needs more parity bits (Hamming code). Hamming code can detect 2 bit errors assuming no correction is attempted. Hamming code can correct only a single bit error. The ability to correct single bit errors comes at a cost which is less than sending the entire message twice. Sending a message twice is not accomplish an error correction.

Analysis of Leda and the Swan Essay -- English Literature

Analysis of Leda and the Swan. Greek mythology. Analysis of Leda and the Swan. Greek mythology has, throughout history, been the subject of much debate and interpretation. Conjuring up images of bloody battles and crumbling cities, its descriptions of the epic battle between good and evil still have remarkable relevance and continue to resonate with poignancy in our bleak, war-torn society. The poem Leda and the Swan, written by William Butler Yeats, attempts to shed new light on what is arguably one of Ancient Greece's most controversial myths. In this essay I aim to study the poem in more depth, analysing what Yeats says and how he says it. Leda and the Swan is an interpretation of the Greek myth wherein Zeus, in the form of a swan, violated a young woman, who gave birth to Helen and Clytemnestra. Helen's flight with Paris to Troy, leaving her husband Menelaus (Agamemnon's brother) caused the war between the Greeks and the Trojans. Clytemnestra then murdered her husband Agamemnon on his return from victory at Troy. The poem begins with Yeats emphasising the brutality of Zeus' actions, describing the initial impact as a "sudden blow". The two words carry the connotation of brutality, urgency and forcefulness; the harshness of the word "sudden" consolidating the phrase's power. There is an implication that the action is unnaturally rapid, thus godlike and powerful. The power and forcefulness of Zeus' actions is reinforced as the line continues, with the word "great" used to describe the wings of the swan which represents him, while the harshness of harshness of the word "beating" re-emphasising the brutality of Zeus' actions. Furthermore, Yeat's use of the word "great" implies glory and majesty, ... ...self as a swan. It is also clear from the poem that Leda felt ambivalent while being raped - she was unsure of whether to submit or resist. The implication near the end of the poem is that she did attempt to resist (although the "shudder in the loins" and the "white rush" convey the fact that she was raped), yet the question is why this was so. Yeats causes the reader to ponder on whether Leda's fingers were "terrified" because of the act or because of her potential knowledge of the consequences, and he himself near the end of the poem ponders on whether she knew the consequences of the rape before it happened ("Did she put on his knowledge with his power?"). Yeats speaks, on a literal level, about the rape of a young woman, yet he also relates the events of Greek mythology to themes of fate, giving the poem meaning and resonance on a more universal level.

The Lack of Man in Lac Léman Essay -- Literary Analysis

The narrator of Hubert Aquin’s novel Next Episode cannot breathe; he’s drowning. The author presents water as a deadly force that has the ability to stifle life. Aquin employs the characteristics of water to represent the narrator’s inability to express his national identity and therefore himself. Multiple symbols are used throughout the book, such as fire and ice, but water is an overpowering and important aspect of the book because it conveys a sense of inertia in the individual. This notion of water is connected to the repression of Quebec nationality. The book discusses water in a variety of different contexts: as the primary foundation for the story (as interpreted by the translator), as a metaphor for self and as a replacement for language. Water, weaved into a nationalistic allegory, is given conflicting attributes and is both a life giver and life taker simultaneously. This double approach to the basic element of water embodies both his drive to express h im nationality and his incapacity to authentically vocalize his own existence. The tale begins below the waters of Lac Là ©man, as the narrator states â€Å"it’s in the area of this invisible lake that I’ll set my story† (4). The lake is central to the story, as it is this water (or water which flows from it) that he speaks of in terms of the self and language. The place names of this body of water are also significant for French-Canadian nationality. The translator Sheila Fischman has as much literary power as the narrator. This is because without having read the French edition of the text, the English edition modifies meaning concerning the image of water. Fischman does this by consistently using the French name for the lake â€Å"Lac Là ©man† instead of using its English name â€Å"Lake ... ...erves to corroborate the asphyxiation of a definitive French-Canadian national narrative. Water at once embodies the narrator’s want to express his nationality and personal identity, but also his inability to do so. Ultimately, Water becomes a type of liquid courage for the narrator that never produces substantial results, so he looks towards a future revolution to conceive a genuine national identity. Works Cited Aquin, Hubert. Next Episode. Trans. Sheila Fischman. Toronto: McClelland & Steward Ltd. 2010. 1,4, 12, 13, 21, 22, 23, 24-25, 46, 49, 52, 53, 67, 74, 84, 122, 128. Stewart, Susan Louise. â€Å"Beyond Borders: Reader ‘Other’ Places in Children’s Literature.† Children’s Literature in Education 39.2 (2008): 95-105. 98. Springer E-Books. Proxy. Queen’s University Lib., Kingston. 1 Nov. 2010

Huck Finn Should Not Be Banned Essay

High Schools in the United States should not ban The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This book is one of the most important components of American literature in our libraries today, it throws the reader into a time when slavery was lawful and accepted, and gives the reader a new perspective on slavery in general. Until civil rights groups can come up with a better argument than the word â€Å"nigger† creating a â€Å"hostile work environment†(Zwick) it should not be taken off the required reading list of any High School in the country. Every one hundred years dialects change and what is considered â€Å"politically correct†, or socially acceptable, changes. â€Å"David Bradley argues that ‘if we’d eradicated the problem of racism in our society, Huckleberry Finn would be the easiest book in the world to teach’† (Zwick, Jim. â€Å"Should Huckleberry Finn Be Banned?†). If we, as a nation, make it a point to rule out all books that could possibly offend students, then every hundred years or so our library of American Literature will be completely different. Even today, modern day authors use vulgar language, lurid sexual content, and racial slurs to get their point across. If The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is taken off of required reading lists across the country, then that could create a never-ending cycle of books being taken off of school shelves every time words and ideas become unacceptable. If this is the way that American society is turning then something must be don e, and the Superintendents, Deans, and Principals of every High School around the country must take it upon themselves to do it because the students will not. The people who are trying to ban The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are only trying to block out a part of American history that they would just as soon be forgotten, but every part of American history needs to be dealt with and accepted by everyone at a young age. Trying to shield students from any important part of history is a crime within itself. Hannibal, Missouri is a prime example of this type of crime. Every year they have a citywide celebration of Mark Twain, but they do not celebrate The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn or The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson nor do they teach it in their schools. Best stated by Shelly Fisher Fishkin, the theater company in Hannibal â€Å"was upholding a long American tradition of making slavery and its legacy and blacks themselves invisible†(Zwick, Jim. â€Å"Should Huckleberry Finn Be Banned?†). This just shows how foolish many parts of America can be; they embrace him and call him a genius in one aspect, but they convenien tly don’t seem to notice his genius in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn because they are too distracted by the language and actions of Huckleberry Finn himself. Just because a book has some offensive content is not enough of a reason to ban a book, the general value of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn greatly overshadows any offensive language it may contain. It shows how the American public thought back then, their morals, and their way of life. It was simply they way they were brought up. In Chapter 32 of Huckleberry Finn Aunt Sally asks if anyone was hurt in a steamboat accident, Huck replies, â€Å"No’m. Killed a nigger†(Twain 167). The subject is then closed because no â€Å"people† were harmed, and in their minds, nobody was. That is something that cannot be expressed in a textbook or a teacher with the same degree of authenticity. The book immerses the student in a time where slavery was accepted. Teachers taught it, pastors preached it, mayors practiced it, and children saw absolutely nothing wrong with it because that is how they had been brought up. Huckleberry, however, was not raised â€Å"proper† an d so had an almost completely clean head about the subject â€Å"The Widow Douglas, she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the time† (Twain 1). He saw Jim as a person and was even willing to go to hell to protect him. Just his use of the word â€Å"nigger† did not make him a bad person; it was exactly the way people talked back in that period of time. The book tries to show that black people were just as human as white people and was probably the most blatant anti-slavery book of the time, â€Å"many scholars consider it a staunchly antiracist novel†(Zwick, Jim. â€Å"Should Huckleberry Finn Be Banned?†). If only that idea was appreciated today, the book would come across as a classic instead of a source of debate. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is an avid anti-slavery novel, and despite flawed criticism from close-minded individuals, is one of the finest windows into a dark period of history that we all must deal with. One will not completely understand the way of life when slavery was accepted until they have read an entirely unbiased and uncensored book written during that time and dealing with the topic of slavery.

Elements of Art Essay

Each work of art has elements of unity and elements of variety. Variety balances out unity and keeps things interesting. The center of interest or focal point is the place the artist draws your eyes first. Artists use balance in order to construct paintings. These elements of art such as unity, variety, focal point or area of interest and balance will be used to give you a better understanding. Examples from â€Å"Giorgio de Chirico† (The Mystery and Melancholy of a Street, 1914), â€Å"Pablo Picasso† (Seated Nude, 1909, Spanish), â€Å"Francisco de Goya† (Saturn Devouring His Children, 1819) and â€Å"Piet Mondrain† (Devotie, 1908) will be used merely as informational pieces to convey these elements of art. Some ways of creating unity might be to make everything in a painting a similar color, or a series of repeating shapes, or a consistent texture made with brush strokes. At times, variety coerces the eye to pay particular attention to that object. Variety occurs when an artist creates something that looks different from the rest of the artwork. For example, â€Å"Giorgio de Chirico†, (The Mystery and Melancholy of a street, 1914) depicts unity and variety with light/dark (cooler and warmer hues) various shapes and lines. Unity is depicted in the repletion of the square windows, directly above the repletion of archways alongside two buildings. Variety is depicted in the chosen colors and various shapes and lines. In â€Å"Chirico’s† oil canvas, variety is applied by the contrasting of warmer hues aside the cooler hues (light and dark) conveying both space/distance and receding/closeness. The unity and variety in this canvas is brought together through the repetition depicted on the two buildings, the warmer hues and light expressing depth and the cooler hues and dark expressing the closeness. These same principles of the elements of unity and variety, are depicted in â€Å"Picasso’s, Goya’s and Mondrain’s† Canvases. Artists emphasize certain parts of their artwork to stand out and grab your attention. This is called a focal point or area of interest. An artist applies a focal point or area of interest for the coercion of the viewer’s eyes. In â€Å"Picasso† (Seated Nude) the area of interest is establish with the choices of color. He has placed warmer hues (red, orange and yellow) throughout the body of a nude man sleeping. â€Å"Picass† emphasizes the man by a  focal point, using light to contrast the man’s shoulder, rib, chin and ear, thus attracting the eye to various cooler hues and forms. In â€Å"Francisco de Goya† (Saturn Devouring His Children) the coercion of the viewer is brought about with the contrasting colors. Here â€Å"Goys† has used dark (cooler) hues surrounding a man and his malice expression. Emphasizing the man are light (warmer) hues, thus depicting the devouring of the carcass of a woman. The devouring is emphasized by, blood (red hue) dripping down her arm from inside the man’s mouth. The viewer’s eyes are first coerced to the facial expression on the man’s face. These same principle of the element of the focal point or areas of interest, are depicted in both â€Å"Chirico’s† and â€Å"Mondrains’s† canvases. Balance is one of the elements of art, which is very important to artists and their work. By using balance to guide our attention around a work, artists give structure to our perception of it. Their are three different elements of balance an artist uses to construct their paintings. They are, (symmetrical balance), which means both sides of an imaginary line are the same, (asymmetrical balance), meaning each side of an imaginary line are different yet equal and (radial balance), meaning lines or shapes grow from a center point. However, in the reference pieces of, â€Å"Piet Mondrain† (Devotie) and Gorigio de Chirico† (The Mystery and Melancholy of a Street), â€Å"Pablo Picasso† (Seated Nude) and â€Å"Francisco de Goya† (Saturn Devouring His Children) an (asymmetrical) balance was used to construct these canvases. Both sides of this imaginary line are different yet equal, thus bringing together the other elements of art. Concluding, unity is the feeling that everything in the work of art works together and suggest that it belongs. Variety balances out unity and keeps things interesting. A focal point or areas of interest are used for the coercion of the viewer’s attention. Lastly, an important factor is balance. Artists use balance in order to construct a painting. All of the elements of art discussed here play an important role in designing of art. â€Å"Giorgio de Chirico† (The Mystery and Melancholy of a Street, 1914), â€Å"Pablo Picasso†Ã‚  (Seated Nude, 1909, Spanish), â€Å"Francisco de Goya† (Saturn Devouring His Children, 1819) and â€Å"Piet Mondrain† (Devotie, 1908) were used merely as informational pieces to convey these elements of art.