Our Excessive Dependence on Technology Essay -- Journalistic Essays

Our Excessive Dependence on Technology Today, almost every business owns computers. At least 900,000 businesses use the Internet. Some, such as Amazon.com, are run only on the Internet. If the internet were to shut down, a lot of people would be without jobs. We have gradually become more and more dependent on technology. As a result, we have become weaker. In terms of Darwin's "only the strongest survive" the people of twenty years ago were far superior to the people of today because of their non-dependence on computers. First, there is the obvious decline in physical fitness. For example, in Vermont, the percentage of students who participate in at least three hours of physical activity a week has dropped from 70% to 64% in only two years. Fewer than half of all students participate in a muscle toning activity, such as weightlifting. And although it takes 150-200 minutes a week to truly develop physical fitness , less than 25% of all students participate in physical fitness classes five days a week. Although you probably shouldn't believe those stories your parents tell you...

Green Roof

Many people don’t know what green roof is. So, what it is? A green roof is not a surface painted green, it is a living surface of plants growing in a soil layer on top of the roof. A thinner or thicker soil layer is spread over the roof membrane itself, sometimes with a protective root barrier, often with a drainage layer underneath. On the substrate, draught-tolerant species of plants are grown. Roof vegetation like this one doesn’t at all damage the waterproofing membrane of the roof. In fact it protects it from the uv-light which does damage the membrane over time.There are two types of green roofs: extensive and intensive. There are some differences of its. An extensive roof has very thin soil layers, draught tolerant plants and requires little or almost no maintenance. The limitation here is in the choice of plants. Extensive roof can be established on a very thin layer of soil. An intensive roof garden has much thicker soil layers, and can look like an ordinary ga rden, with trees and shrubs. Intensive roofs are more park-like with easy access and may include anything from kitchen herbs to shrubs and small trees.This of course needs as much maintenance as a garden does, and can only be constructed on a roof that can bear heavy loads. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green_roof) It doesn’t matter what type roof is, but construction is a similar. Construction includes drainage materials, plant materials and establishment methods. For each green roof project, different site conditions and your aims and motives will govern the choice of materials and establishment methods. Therefore, if you are planning to build a green roof, consider the following two sections carefully.There are some roof sections which are important. First is a waterproofing. The membrane is made waterproof, and it will stay waterproof unless it gets physically damaged or aged. What ages a bitumen membrane is mainly uv-light and temperature extremes. Unless the roof memb rane is damaged while laying the green roof, the soil and vegetation cover protects the membrane from these types of injuries later. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=32&sub=19) Second section is root barrier. The asphalt waterproofing itself is not classified as root resistant and had to be reinforced with a root barrier.This barrier consists of rubberized asphalt enforced with polyester and treated eight a root-repelling agent. There are also synthetic waterproofing membranes (like PVC liners) available that are root resistant and do not require an additional root barrier. Different countries have different building practices and rules for green roofs – and many countries have no rules at all yet. In Germany, for example, a root barrier is always laid under a green roof. This is to ensure that no roots can damage the waterproofing.A root barrier is sometimes incorporated in the drainage layer. It can be chemical and poisonous to plants, or it can be a thin copper sheet, or r ubber sealed so as to avoid seams. If your motive for having a green roof is sustainability and ecological consciousness, it’s a good idea to ask your contractor about the method. In Sweden, the usual practice is that under extensive roof vegetation (2 – 5 cm soil), where only sedums and moss can survive, an extra root barrier is not considered necessary, since the sedums used have weak roots, and moss has no roots at all.When the soil layer is thicker, and therefore can hold more water, other plants grow there, and there is a risk of getting weeds with more penetrative roots. Second layer is insulation. Insulation boards can be made from extruded polystyrene which has high water resistance and compressive strength. The main difference from the old roof is that the insulation layer must be places above the waterproofing membrane, but on the new roofs insulation must be located below the waterproofing. Second, but not less important, is drainage.The main reason for usin g a drainage layer is that if a lot of water drains off along the surface of the soil, this will cause erosion. The second reason, is that for roofs which are almost flat, too much water would remain on the roof, forming puddles. Especially sedum vegetation is adapted to dry conditions, and tends to rot if submerged. Besides, too much water available can lead to unwanted plants establishing on the roof. Another function of the drainage materials that are often used is to store some amount of water.This effect becomes more and more important the drier the conditions on the roof are, due to climate, a steeper slope or other conditions on the roof. Drainage materials used in green roofs include natural materials, recycled materials and manufactured drainage mats. (â€Å"Green roof systems† Susan K. Weiler, Katrin Scolz-Barth) And finally, the top layer is growing medium with plants. The growing medium provides nutrients and structure for the roots to anchor in. the proprietary m ixes of the manufacturer consist of a lightweight aggregate, expanded shale, and some compost.The organic components make up about three to six percent of the shallow planting areas. The mix for deeper planting areas has slightly more organics. This mix is also heavier and allows a higher water-holding capacity in order to support the larger plants of these areas. In conclusion, one has to realize that there is no cookie cutter approach when it comes to the design of a green roof section. Though certain layers are always present – waterproofing, root barrier, insulation, protection layer, drainage layer, growing medium – their actual composition varies widely responding to a particular situation. â€Å"Green roof – a case study† Christian Werthmann) Green roofs have many advantages. One is a cooling effect. It is very useful effect for individual houses at summer time. A black bitumen roof easily reaches temperatures of 80 ° Celsius in the summer. When a soil layer and the shading plants protect the roof, the surface temperature usually doesn’t rise above the surrounding air temperature. A study conducted by Environment Canada found a 26% reduction in summer cooling needs and a 26% reduction in winter heat losses when a green roof is used.In addition to this, the plants and soil evaporate water, creating a cooling effect, and a moister air, more comfortable to breathe. Cooling effect is useful at summer, but at winter there is another green roof feature – insulation. The soil layer provides an additional insulation. In warmer climates a green roof especially the versions with thicker soil layer, can make a difference in the heating required in the building. Life expectancy of the root membrane is also important. The waterproofing of the roof, for example bitumen, has a normal life expectancy of 25 years.After that it needs replacing. The reasons are that the uv-light from the sun makes the surface brittle, and then t he expansion and shrinking caused by the fluctuations in temperature, together with the loss of elasticity, causes cracks to form in the membrane. The high temperatures in themselves, above 60 ° Celsius, age the membrane. The green roof protects the waterproofing from both the uv-light and the temperature extremes, increasing the life expectancy of the membrane to at least 60 years. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19)One of the most important effects of green roofs in the cities is their potential for retaining and delaying rainwater during storms. The gutters and sewers in the city have to be big enough to cope with the amounts of water that falls during extreme storm events. As more and more surfaces in the built up areas are made hard and impermeable, less water can percolate naturally into the soil. This means that the sewers and treatment plants get higher and higher loads. For the water treatment plant this can be a great problem, since they take care of sewage as we ll as rainwater.If the sewage gets very diluted by a heavy rain, the sensitive chemical and microbiological processes are disturbed. Getting the balance back costs time and money, and in the meantime, sewage is less completely cleaned. Also, the treatment plants cannot store unlimited amounts of water, so during extreme rains, they are forced to let completely untreated water to the natural waters. The more rain water that is taken care of locally, the less often we will have to face these polluting events. (http://progressivetimes. wordpress. om/2010/10/04/one-roof-two-roofs-green-roofs-blue-roofs/) There are some effects which are interesting. The heat island effect. This is the effect that makes cities reach a higher average temperature than the countryside around them. The large amount of stone, asphalt and concrete in the towns and cities that absorb the heat from the sun in the daytime, and release it at night. An additional cause is the lack of trees and other vegetation. The night time temperature rises, and in the summer people suffers from sleeplessness. The cost of air condition goes up.Green roofs can protect from noise and electromagnetic radiation. Thick layers and plants can reduce noise in the outdoor environment and green roofs can reduce the electromagnetic radiation that enters a building to a great extent. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19) The most important problem in big cities is pollution. Green roof vegetation, as well as other vegetation, use CO2 for their respiration, and therefore reduce the negative effects of pollution. Best are highly productive plants, which in a year can produce a lot of biomass.An extensive green roof does not produce very much, but intensive ones could. In this case, it might be a question of a small extra advantage, when large surfaces of the cities rooftops are used for vegetation. This is not a method that can be used as an only solution to the problems of pollution and global warming, but togeth er with all the other beneficial effects of green roofs, it is a small step in the right direction. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19) Green roofs also provide habitats for plants, insects, and animals that otherwise have limited natural space in cities.In modern city planning, â€Å"green corridors† are planned into the cities, where parks and waterways can connect the city with the surrounding countryside, and get humans in closer contact with nature. In the places where there isn’t enough ground space for green space, the green corridors, and the habitats for animals don’t have to be discontinued, if the flat roofs are used. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19) Thus green roof save materials, energy and money, produce less waste, can protect from negative cities impact and what is the most important – is environmental friendly. However, green roof has some disadvantages.Weight is problematical field. A thin extensive green roof of the t ype widely used weighs about 50 kg/m2 when saturated with water. Lighter versions are available, that uses rock wool as substrate instead of soil, which gives a weight of about 35 kg/m2. Compare that to tiles that weigh 33 – 37 kg /m2, depending on the type. If you live in a region where you can expect snow, then weight has to be reckoned as well. So some buildings, especially old buildings, cannot be retrofitted with certain kinds of green roof because of the weight load of the substrate and vegetation exceeds permitted static loading.Depending on what kind of green roof it is, the maintenance costs could be higher. Cost is the main reason why people didn’t want green roofs. Properly designed and -installed systems include root barriers. It is true that installing adequate waterproofing systems and root barriers automatically can increase the initial cost of the roof. A properly designed and installed green-roof system can cost 15 to 20 dollars per square foot as a to tal cost, not including the roof's waterproof layers.In Europe, a well-designed and professionally installed fully integrated green roof can cost anywhere between 100 to 200 euros per square meter, depending on the kind of roof, the building structure, and which plants are used. Despite of that, I think that green roofs have more advantages than disadvantages. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green_roof) It is clear that living green roofs and landscapes over structure are not a panacea for ameliorating the negative environmental impacts resulting from increased development or the loss of open space.They cannot and will not replace our forests and prairies, will nor remediate the degradation of all stream corridors, and will not stop global warming by themselves. However, green roofs and landscapes over structure can act buffers to mitigate the impacts of unbridled and unplanned urban growth and development. Reducing building roofs generates less storm water runoff, reduces the heat gain that affects our indoor and outdoor environments, and mitigates the continued degradation of air and water quality. Green roofs provide additional usable, confortable open space. Green Roof Many people don’t know what green roof is. So, what it is? A green roof is not a surface painted green, it is a living surface of plants growing in a soil layer on top of the roof. A thinner or thicker soil layer is spread over the roof membrane itself, sometimes with a protective root barrier, often with a drainage layer underneath. On the substrate, draught-tolerant species of plants are grown. Roof vegetation like this one doesn’t at all damage the waterproofing membrane of the roof. In fact it protects it from the uv-light which does damage the membrane over time.There are two types of green roofs: extensive and intensive. There are some differences of its. An extensive roof has very thin soil layers, draught tolerant plants and requires little or almost no maintenance. The limitation here is in the choice of plants. Extensive roof can be established on a very thin layer of soil. An intensive roof garden has much thicker soil layers, and can look like an ordinary ga rden, with trees and shrubs. Intensive roofs are more park-like with easy access and may include anything from kitchen herbs to shrubs and small trees.This of course needs as much maintenance as a garden does, and can only be constructed on a roof that can bear heavy loads. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green_roof) It doesn’t matter what type roof is, but construction is a similar. Construction includes drainage materials, plant materials and establishment methods. For each green roof project, different site conditions and your aims and motives will govern the choice of materials and establishment methods. Therefore, if you are planning to build a green roof, consider the following two sections carefully.There are some roof sections which are important. First is a waterproofing. The membrane is made waterproof, and it will stay waterproof unless it gets physically damaged or aged. What ages a bitumen membrane is mainly uv-light and temperature extremes. Unless the roof memb rane is damaged while laying the green roof, the soil and vegetation cover protects the membrane from these types of injuries later. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=32&sub=19) Second section is root barrier. The asphalt waterproofing itself is not classified as root resistant and had to be reinforced with a root barrier.This barrier consists of rubberized asphalt enforced with polyester and treated eight a root-repelling agent. There are also synthetic waterproofing membranes (like PVC liners) available that are root resistant and do not require an additional root barrier. Different countries have different building practices and rules for green roofs – and many countries have no rules at all yet. In Germany, for example, a root barrier is always laid under a green roof. This is to ensure that no roots can damage the waterproofing.A root barrier is sometimes incorporated in the drainage layer. It can be chemical and poisonous to plants, or it can be a thin copper sheet, or r ubber sealed so as to avoid seams. If your motive for having a green roof is sustainability and ecological consciousness, it’s a good idea to ask your contractor about the method. In Sweden, the usual practice is that under extensive roof vegetation (2 – 5 cm soil), where only sedums and moss can survive, an extra root barrier is not considered necessary, since the sedums used have weak roots, and moss has no roots at all.When the soil layer is thicker, and therefore can hold more water, other plants grow there, and there is a risk of getting weeds with more penetrative roots. Second layer is insulation. Insulation boards can be made from extruded polystyrene which has high water resistance and compressive strength. The main difference from the old roof is that the insulation layer must be places above the waterproofing membrane, but on the new roofs insulation must be located below the waterproofing. Second, but not less important, is drainage.The main reason for usin g a drainage layer is that if a lot of water drains off along the surface of the soil, this will cause erosion. The second reason, is that for roofs which are almost flat, too much water would remain on the roof, forming puddles. Especially sedum vegetation is adapted to dry conditions, and tends to rot if submerged. Besides, too much water available can lead to unwanted plants establishing on the roof. Another function of the drainage materials that are often used is to store some amount of water.This effect becomes more and more important the drier the conditions on the roof are, due to climate, a steeper slope or other conditions on the roof. Drainage materials used in green roofs include natural materials, recycled materials and manufactured drainage mats. (â€Å"Green roof systems† Susan K. Weiler, Katrin Scolz-Barth) And finally, the top layer is growing medium with plants. The growing medium provides nutrients and structure for the roots to anchor in. the proprietary m ixes of the manufacturer consist of a lightweight aggregate, expanded shale, and some compost.The organic components make up about three to six percent of the shallow planting areas. The mix for deeper planting areas has slightly more organics. This mix is also heavier and allows a higher water-holding capacity in order to support the larger plants of these areas. In conclusion, one has to realize that there is no cookie cutter approach when it comes to the design of a green roof section. Though certain layers are always present – waterproofing, root barrier, insulation, protection layer, drainage layer, growing medium – their actual composition varies widely responding to a particular situation. â€Å"Green roof – a case study† Christian Werthmann) Green roofs have many advantages. One is a cooling effect. It is very useful effect for individual houses at summer time. A black bitumen roof easily reaches temperatures of 80 ° Celsius in the summer. When a soil layer and the shading plants protect the roof, the surface temperature usually doesn’t rise above the surrounding air temperature. A study conducted by Environment Canada found a 26% reduction in summer cooling needs and a 26% reduction in winter heat losses when a green roof is used.In addition to this, the plants and soil evaporate water, creating a cooling effect, and a moister air, more comfortable to breathe. Cooling effect is useful at summer, but at winter there is another green roof feature – insulation. The soil layer provides an additional insulation. In warmer climates a green roof especially the versions with thicker soil layer, can make a difference in the heating required in the building. Life expectancy of the root membrane is also important. The waterproofing of the roof, for example bitumen, has a normal life expectancy of 25 years.After that it needs replacing. The reasons are that the uv-light from the sun makes the surface brittle, and then t he expansion and shrinking caused by the fluctuations in temperature, together with the loss of elasticity, causes cracks to form in the membrane. The high temperatures in themselves, above 60 ° Celsius, age the membrane. The green roof protects the waterproofing from both the uv-light and the temperature extremes, increasing the life expectancy of the membrane to at least 60 years. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19)One of the most important effects of green roofs in the cities is their potential for retaining and delaying rainwater during storms. The gutters and sewers in the city have to be big enough to cope with the amounts of water that falls during extreme storm events. As more and more surfaces in the built up areas are made hard and impermeable, less water can percolate naturally into the soil. This means that the sewers and treatment plants get higher and higher loads. For the water treatment plant this can be a great problem, since they take care of sewage as we ll as rainwater.If the sewage gets very diluted by a heavy rain, the sensitive chemical and microbiological processes are disturbed. Getting the balance back costs time and money, and in the meantime, sewage is less completely cleaned. Also, the treatment plants cannot store unlimited amounts of water, so during extreme rains, they are forced to let completely untreated water to the natural waters. The more rain water that is taken care of locally, the less often we will have to face these polluting events. (http://progressivetimes. wordpress. om/2010/10/04/one-roof-two-roofs-green-roofs-blue-roofs/) There are some effects which are interesting. The heat island effect. This is the effect that makes cities reach a higher average temperature than the countryside around them. The large amount of stone, asphalt and concrete in the towns and cities that absorb the heat from the sun in the daytime, and release it at night. An additional cause is the lack of trees and other vegetation. The night time temperature rises, and in the summer people suffers from sleeplessness. The cost of air condition goes up.Green roofs can protect from noise and electromagnetic radiation. Thick layers and plants can reduce noise in the outdoor environment and green roofs can reduce the electromagnetic radiation that enters a building to a great extent. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19) The most important problem in big cities is pollution. Green roof vegetation, as well as other vegetation, use CO2 for their respiration, and therefore reduce the negative effects of pollution. Best are highly productive plants, which in a year can produce a lot of biomass.An extensive green roof does not produce very much, but intensive ones could. In this case, it might be a question of a small extra advantage, when large surfaces of the cities rooftops are used for vegetation. This is not a method that can be used as an only solution to the problems of pollution and global warming, but togeth er with all the other beneficial effects of green roofs, it is a small step in the right direction. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19) Green roofs also provide habitats for plants, insects, and animals that otherwise have limited natural space in cities.In modern city planning, â€Å"green corridors† are planned into the cities, where parks and waterways can connect the city with the surrounding countryside, and get humans in closer contact with nature. In the places where there isn’t enough ground space for green space, the green corridors, and the habitats for animals don’t have to be discontinued, if the flat roofs are used. (http://www. greenroof. se/? pid=28&sub=19) Thus green roof save materials, energy and money, produce less waste, can protect from negative cities impact and what is the most important – is environmental friendly. However, green roof has some disadvantages.Weight is problematical field. A thin extensive green roof of the t ype widely used weighs about 50 kg/m2 when saturated with water. Lighter versions are available, that uses rock wool as substrate instead of soil, which gives a weight of about 35 kg/m2. Compare that to tiles that weigh 33 – 37 kg /m2, depending on the type. If you live in a region where you can expect snow, then weight has to be reckoned as well. So some buildings, especially old buildings, cannot be retrofitted with certain kinds of green roof because of the weight load of the substrate and vegetation exceeds permitted static loading.Depending on what kind of green roof it is, the maintenance costs could be higher. Cost is the main reason why people didn’t want green roofs. Properly designed and -installed systems include root barriers. It is true that installing adequate waterproofing systems and root barriers automatically can increase the initial cost of the roof. A properly designed and installed green-roof system can cost 15 to 20 dollars per square foot as a to tal cost, not including the roof's waterproof layers.In Europe, a well-designed and professionally installed fully integrated green roof can cost anywhere between 100 to 200 euros per square meter, depending on the kind of roof, the building structure, and which plants are used. Despite of that, I think that green roofs have more advantages than disadvantages. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green_roof) It is clear that living green roofs and landscapes over structure are not a panacea for ameliorating the negative environmental impacts resulting from increased development or the loss of open space.They cannot and will not replace our forests and prairies, will nor remediate the degradation of all stream corridors, and will not stop global warming by themselves. However, green roofs and landscapes over structure can act buffers to mitigate the impacts of unbridled and unplanned urban growth and development. Reducing building roofs generates less storm water runoff, reduces the heat gain that affects our indoor and outdoor environments, and mitigates the continued degradation of air and water quality. Green roofs provide additional usable, confortable open space.

Percival Lowell Astronomer Who Looked for Life on Mars

Percival Lowell (March 13, 1855–November 12, 1916) was a businessman and astronomer born into Bostons wealthy Lowell family. He devoted much of his life to the search for life on Mars, which he conducted from the observatory he built in Flagstaff, Arizona. His theory of the presence of canals on Mars was ultimately disproved, but later in life, he laid the groundwork for the discovery of Pluto. Lowell is also remembered for founding the Lowell Observatory, which continues to contribute to astronomical research and learning to this day. Fast Facts: Percival Lowell Full Name: Percival Lawrence LowellKnown For: Businessman and astronomer who founded the Lowell Observatory, enabled the discovery of Pluto, and fueled the (later disproved) theory that canals existed on Mars.Born: March 13, 1855 in Boston, Massachusetts, USAParents Names: Augustus Lowell and Katherine Bigelow LowellEducation: Harvard University Died: November 12, 1916 in Flagstaff, Arizona, USAPublications: ChosÃ… n, Mars, Mars as the Abode of Life, Memoirs of a Trans-Neptunian PlanetSpouses Name: Constance Savage Keith Lowell Early Life Percival Lowell was born in Boston, Massachusetts on March 13, 1855. He was a member of the wealthy Lowell clan, famous in the Boston area for its long involvement in textiles and philanthropy. He was related to the poet Amy Lowell and the lawyer and legal expert Abbott Lawrence Lowell, and the town of Lowell, Massachusetts was named for the family. Percivals early education included private schools in England, France, and the United States. He attended Harvard University, graduating in 1876 with a degree in mathematics. After graduation, he ran one of the familys textile mills, then traveled throughout Asia before taking a position as a foreign secretary at the Korean diplomatic mission. He was fascinated with Asian philosophies and religions, and ultimately wrote his first book about Korea (ChosÃ… n: the Land of the Morning Calm, a Sketch of Korea). He moved back to the United States after 12 years living in Asia. The Search for Life on Mars Lowell was fascinated by astronomy from an early age. He read books on the topic, and was particularly inspired by astronomer Giovanni Schiaparellis description of canali on Mars. Canali is the Italian word for channels, but it was mistranslated to mean canals—defined as man-made waterways and consequently implying the presence of life on mars. Thanks to this mistranslation, Lowell began studying Mars to find proof of intelligent life. The quest kept his attention for the rest of his life. In 1894, Lowell traveled to Flagstaff, Arizona in search of clear, dark skies and a dry climate. There, he built the Lowell Observatory, where he spent the next 15 years studying Mars through a 24-inch Alvan Clark Sons telescope. He felt that the markings he saw on the planet werent natural, and set out to catalog all the surface features he could see through the telescope. Lowell made extensive drawings of the Mars, documenting the canals he believed he was seeing. He theorized that a Martian civilization, faced with climate change, had built the canals to transport water from the planets ice caps to irrigate crops. He published several books, including Mars (1885), Mars and its Canals (1906), and Mars as the Abode of Life (1908). In his books, Lowell built a careful rationale for the existence of intelligent life on the red planet.   A drawing by Percival Lowell (1896) depicting canals and dark areas on Mars. Photo by Ann Ronan Pictures/Print Collector/Getty Images Lowell was convinced that life existed on Mars, and the idea of Martians was widely accepted by the public at the time. However, these views were not shared by the scientific establishment. Larger observatories were unable to find Lowells finely-drawn network of canals, even with a markedly more powerful telescope than the one Lowell used. Lowells canal theory was finally disproved in the 1960s. Over the years, various hypotheses about what Lowell was actually seeing have been proposed. Its likely that the wavering of our atmosphere—plus some wishful thinking—caused Percival Lowell to see canals on Mars. Nonetheless, he persisted in his observations, and in the process, also charted a number of natural surface features on the planet.   Planet X and the Discovery of Pluto Mars was not the only object that drew Lowells attention. He also observed Venus, believing that he could spot some surface markings. (It was later demonstrated that no one can see the surface of Venus from Earth due to the heavy cloud cover that blankets the planet.) He also inspired the search for a world that he believed was orbiting beyond the orbit of Neptune. He called this world Planet X. Lowell Observatory continued to grow, fueled by Lowells wealth. The observatory installed a 42-inch telescope equipped with a camera so that astronomers could photograph the sky in search of Planet X. Lowell hired Clyde Tombaugh to participate in the search. In 1915, Lowell published a book about the search: Memoir of a Trans-Neptunian Planet. In 1930, after Lowells death, Tombaugh succeeded when he discovered Pluto. That discovery took the world by storm as the most distant planet ever discovered. Later Life and Legacy Percival Lowell lived and worked at the observatory for the remainder of his life. He continued his work observing Mars and using his observatory (along with a crew of dedicated observers and astronomers) until his death in 1916. Lowells legacy continues as Lowell Observatory enters its second century of service to astronomy. Over the years, the facilities have been used for moon mapping for the NASA Apollo program, studies of rings around Uranus, observations of the atmosphere of Pluto, and hosts of other research programs. Sources Britannica, T. E. (2018, March 08). Percival Lowell. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Percival-LowellHistory. https://lowell.edu/history/.Lowell, A. Lawrence. Biography of Percival Lowell. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/51900/51900-h/51900-h.htm.

Personal Space Essay - 592 Words

Personal Space My project is about personal space. It is about finding out why people tend to have their own personal space. Personal space is the region surrounding a person. Each individual has their own personal space. Distance from strangers varies than distance from families and relatives. Method used will be participant observation which is a qualitative method. It is one of the most popular and widely used research methods. The main advantages of participant observation is that it allows you to have an insight on how the individuals of a society perform and the ways in which they think and why. I chose to investigate into this area because this topic is quite of a challenge. The main†¦show more content†¦Ã‚ · Culture shock- on the part of the ethnographer  · Expense- on the part of the ethnographer  · Interpretation- some things can be interpreted very differently from culture to culture Problems of society include: The people being studied often feel disturbed, distracted or that their privacy is being invaded when they are being studied by a stranger, who can often seem to be uninvited studying their every move. The people could argue that it is unfair for ethnographers to freely enter into a society and begin to study the people; his ways of thinking and living may often seem very different and unwelcome to certain societies. It is often very difficult for ethnographers to overcome these problems as it is not easy to find a compromise between that which he wants to do and that which he must do in order to allow the people being studied feel most at ease. My Hypothesis is that each individual has an invisible boundary around his/her body. To see if my hypothesis is true, So far I have found out that when two people are communicating they tend to stand a specific distance apart. Each individual has their own personal space boundary which others may not enter. If an individual steps into this boundary the other individual will feel highly uncomfortable and move away to increase the distance between them. When two people are having an argument, often the firstShow MoreRelatedViolating Personal Space Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract This is report is about the reactions of personal space when invaded. A total of 20 strangers were tested to see how different genders and ages react to strangers coming to close. The experiment took place in Woden plaza where a student stood behind a subject and watched there reaction from the closeness. It was found that 60% of the subjects did react to the close proximities. This reports also shows different theories to why people act the way they do when they feel violated. Introduction Read MoreThe Discovery Of A Strangers Personal Space1512 Words   |  7 Pages Proximity can be defined as nearness in space, time, or relationship. There are many terms and or phrases used to describe proximity such as personal space, soul space, bubble, comfort zone, too close for comfort, grill, invasion of privacy, etc. In this assignment we were asked to invade a stranger’s personal space and record their reaction to this event. I went to a neighborhood Starbucks and proceeded to invade the personal space of a stranger sitting at a table with his laptop. I also triedRead MoreLooking into Personal Space862 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Personal space is a region of defended space surrounding someone. Trends of personal-space utilization might differ across human societies. Personal space varies from other kinds of defended space by being an encompassing bubble, which progresses with the person† (Psychology Dictionary). Defining an individual’s personal space can be difficult for because this boundary is often different between countries, environments and societal upbringings. An individual space may be different from person toRead MorePersonal Statement : Space Travel1195 Words   |  5 PagesName: Austin Autry Title: Space Travel General purpose: To inform Specific purpose: To inform audience members on both modern and forthcoming capabilities of space travel. Thesis Statement: The current space travel capabilities do not allow for travel into interstellar space and beyond. With the creation of laser beamed nanochips travelling at 100 million miles per hour, we could reach the nearest star, Alpha Centauri in 20 years, gaining pictures and data from some place far, far away. Introduction:Read MoreThe Invasion Of Personal Space1683 Words   |  7 Pages Invasion of Personal Space Jessica Ohara 2500 California State University Long Beach Authors Note This paper was prepared for Social Psychology 335, taught by Professor Gilbert. Introduction Personal space is like an invisible bubble, that people keep around themselves to maintain space from other people (Myers pg.157). Personal space is the minimal or the maximum space a stranger or a friend can enter without causing uncomfortable feelings. When personal space is invaded a flightRead MorePersonal Space Is A Distance Boundary1169 Words   |  5 Pagespeople need more personal space than a regular person? Personal space is a distance boundary you feel comfortable being next to a person face to face. According to the popular article by Douglas Main, an average person has a boundary of 20 to 40 centimeters and an anxious person have a boundary of 30 to 50 centimeter, according to the original article by Chiara F. Sambo and Gian D. Iannetti. Two tests were conducted to verify if anxiety really causes a person to need a larger personal space. On the firstRead MorePersonal Space And Body Language Essay1142 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Space and Body Language Nonverbal Communication Across Cultures Leah Breiss and Brieana Valdez Clark University Author Note This paper was prepared for Management 170 Managerial Communication during the Fall Term 2016 Personal Space and Body Language Nonverbal Communication Across Cultures Introduction Nonverbal communication is a major factor role in every conversation. Eye contact, posture, and personal space determine how verbal communication is interpreted. Personal space isRead MorePrivacy and Personal Space Essay679 Words   |  3 Pagesand thank you, driving on the correct side of the road, etc. The social norm proposed in this experiment was privacy and personal space. Have you ever been to a super market and thought someone was following you around? Or gone to a mall, and thought you saw the same person in every store you went to? The norm that was broken in this experiment was privacy and personal space. Privacy is so important to us. We even have an amendment protecting us from an invasion of privacy. However, this isn’tRead MoreAbnormal Invasion Of Their Personal Space851 Words   |  4 Pagesproject, my experiment was invading someone else s personal space. The process began by sitting close to a person that was by themselves; then, I started to get close when they looked to another direction or their phones. What normally a person would do when they tired or they want to sit, they mostly sit apart from a stranger or they sit with a distance between them. What I did in my project is that I sat close to a stranger when there is space where I could go and sit. The purpose for this projectRead MoreThe Use Of Personal And Interpersonal Space772 Words   |  4 Pagesclients(Sue Sue,2013). Proxemics, refers to the use of personal and interpersonal space (Sue Sue, 2013, p.214). The amount of space a person has between them and another communicates certain messages. This is another area that counselors want to be cautious about making assumptions. There are no universal rules when it comes to proxemics. For example, in the United States, people get very uncomfortable when individuals are to close to their personal space. The exception to this rule, is when the persons

The Development of a Childs Brain Essay - 1313 Words

I often look at newborns in amusement and wonder what were are thinking about. Never did I stop for a moment to think about the complex wiring of the brain. It is known that the complete development of the brain is necessary for the normal physical and mental processes of a person but I wrongly assumed that such development is completed before birth. It is interesting to know that Dr. Harry Chugani, a pediatric neurobiologist at Wayne State University amazing has provided a glimpse inside an infant’s head. We are able to see activities such retinal neuron making connection to visual cortex and the release of neurotransmitter brain chemical as the neuron from the ear carry electrical sound and connect to another neuron in the baby’s†¦show more content†¦There are billions and trillions of neuron and synapses at work but still personality is not set. Shaping us are genetic and experience and the saying use it or lose it is more concrete than we think because the same way memory can fade which is call pruning so can synapses if they are not used. Craig Ramey from the University of Alabama discovered that a person has to be stimulated with relevant stimulation. Surprisingly activities that preserve synapses are as simple as playing blocks, bead and peek-a-boo. Activities within the head are like unseen milestones. They happen in stages and in different parts of the brain. Among other milestones is the peaking of visual cortex at about three months and at nine month the hippocampus which is responsible for memories become fully functional. The completion of these internal milestones helps to prepare the child for the environment. At t his point the child becomes like a sponge ready to absorb everything it comes into contact with. Patricia Kuhl of the University of Washington studies the auditory maps and finds that the auditory starts out waiting ready to pick up anything it is exposed to but reaches completion at twelve months. This explains why it is easy for children to pick up a new language. Even though the brain is quick to take on new jobs, it is very organized as found out by Patricia Kuhl. Each neuron knows its job and do not interveneShow MoreRelatedHuman Brain Development1231 Words   |  5 Pageswonder how this is poss ible if the child hasn’t even taken its first breath yet, but it is true. Brain development begins in week four of their first trimester in the womb. This is important because the development helps a child learn and grow, effecting their future learning, education, and social skills. Brain development begins right in the womb and continues to flourish after birth. A child’s brain develops through neurons and their connections by synapses. Neurons communicate at synapses throughRead MoreAnalyzing Brain Research Influence On Children s Brain Development1371 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyze Brain Research Influence The first years of a child’s life are very important. During this time, the child’s brain functions are developing. A child’s brain development begins at birth through about age eight. There are many factors that assist with the development of the brain such as genetics, nutrition, love, physical activity and the emotional interactions between parent and child. Brain Development The brain mainly consists of three parts: the brain stem, cerebrum, and cerebralRead MoreHow Nutrition Impacts Child Development Essay1135 Words   |  5 PagesThis inquiry topic focuses on how nutrition impacts child development. Nutrition is one of the key factors of development. This topic would fit under Bronfenbrenner’s microsystem level. Nutrition directly deals with the child. Good nutrition has an impact on a child’s development. Inquiry Providing programs and information about nutrition will teach parents how important nutrition is for a child. One of the problems with keeping good nutrition is that agriculture is decreasing. Urbanization isRead MoreChild s Reasoning And Problem Solving Development1428 Words   |  6 Pages the baby’s brain contains billion of neurons that will grow into neural synapses. These neural synapses, in turn, turn into â€Å"skills† such as learning how to hold a bottle, how to write or draw, or how to ride a bicycle. These skills require hardwiring so that the skill can be learned and embedded in the brain. The phrase â€Å"use it or lose it† closely ties to a young child’s brain synapses that are not wired together through stimulation are lost throughout adolescence. A child’s brain is more susceptibleRead MoreDifferences Between Female And Female Babies1716 Words   |  7 Pages When a baby is first born the main concern of the parents is the develo pment of the child; this is a crucial part of the infant’s life where the first few years of life are the most important. The rate of brain development depends on the environment around the baby including where they live and who they are growing up around. During the baby’s first year especially, the skills being developed are what will be needed and used throughout their entire life. Not all babies develop at the same rate,Read MoreEarly Childhood Education Is The Most Rapid Period Of Development960 Words   |  4 PagesAfter doing a little research I have come to the conclusion that Early Childhood Education is the most rapid period of development in a human brain. The years from conception through birth to eight years of age critical to the complete and healthy cognitive, emotional and physical growth of children. The brain is part of the central nervous system, and plays a decisive role in controlling many bodily functions, including both voluntary activities such as walking or speaking and involuntary onesRead MoreChild Neglect Is An Unfortunate Reality For Children1297 Words   |  6 PagesIt’s widely recognized that the first few years of a child’s experiences are essential to his or her personality and behavioral development. The most critical integral aspect in this regard is the child’s relationship with his or her parents in the formative years. However, that is not always the case. Neglect-the maltreatment related to the failure to provide needed, age-appropriate care-has a power capability of comprising a child’s development. Child neglect is an unfortunate reality for childrenRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Children s Development Negatively1667 Words   |  7 PagesIt is a beautiful summer afternoon, children are walking to the park and instead of talking and skipping with their friends, the children’s heads are looking down at their phones unconscious of the world surrounding them. Technology developments have doubled every year, and it will continue to advance in the future. Moore’s Law states that every twelve to eighteen months, computers double their abilities. When graphing exponential growth, the graph eventually reaches a point where growth seems almostRead MoreAnalysis And Application Of Early Childhood Developmental Psychology878 Words   |  4 PagesBiological, cognitive, emotional and moral development plays an integral part in the early development of a child’s brain maturity. Biological Argument(s) A child’s brain is very delicate during the early developmental years, especially between ages 2 and 6. Although the brain is already functioning by age 2 there are many areas that remain undeveloped (Berger, 2014). Information processing is much slower, and the brain is unbalanced at this stage of development; thus causing the child to be impulsiveRead MoreThe Effects Of Too Much Screen Time930 Words   |  4 Pagesstance on the â€Å"great screen debate† is that today our kids are spending way too much â€Å"screen time†. According to Medline Plus, too much screen time can â€Å"make it hard for your child to sleep at night, raise your child’s risk of attention problems, anxiety, and depression, and raise your child’s risk of gaining too much weight† (Screen time and children: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia). These are only just a few of the many negative effects of too much screen time in developing children. If I had an

There Is a Competiton Between Education and Appearance Free Essays

There is a competition between appearance and education. Physical appearance is something that you will get a first impression on. There are many reasons why education is important to me and should be important to everyone. We will write a custom essay sample on There Is a Competiton Between Education and Appearance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Appearance can take a back seat when it comes to the corporate world. Education is something everyone can relate to. When it comes to physical appearance or education people may have their different views on which one is more important. This might be a problem in our modern day society. Failure to make the proper one a priority can lead to a life of crime drugs and being unsuccessful. Some individuals may think that physical appearance is more important or that education is more important than the other. In the play Death of a Salesman by Author Miller it’s clear that Willy feels appearance is more important than education. Willy puts that appearance is better than education in all of his family heads. Then there are some that think that they both can be managed equally. This is an argument that will go on for years to come. I personally think that education is way more important than physical appearance for many different reasons. Life can be easier for people that can distinguish at an early age which one is more important. I think the ones that can distinguish which are more important at an early age will have a head start in life. I think that education is more important than physical appearance or talent because, majority of individuals in today society will rely on education to make a living rather than their appearance or talent. With an education I feel that you will have way more opportunities to be successful in life. No matter how much I dislike school or how much it may sometimes get me down, I know that it will be beneficial in the future. Education is important to me because no matter how much I may dislike sitting in school with a teacher I don’t care for, I know there is nothing more important to me for my future. I someday will want a house, a car, a family, and a job and the good and bad experiences through education will one day help me achieve all of these. Being worried about your appearance can have an effect on you where you will not be focused on your education. A person that is worried about their appearance does not have time to worry about their education. Even if u do get a good job that pays goods you still need some kind of education because people will take advantage of you . Education will lead you to a better life in the future and make it more stable. With education u will be able to get a good job and you will become better off financially and be able to support your family. I would be able to have as much amenities as I want and also be able to pay my bills on time and don’t have to worry about where the next check will come from. With a better education I will be able to live around people that want something in life. Individuals that are like this their opinions are valued more. With that good education I would be able to do many other things such as travel the world and see different religions and see how different people live which will be a nice experience for me and my family. I would be able to buy better looking clothes and look good. In the article ‘Working at McDonalds’s’ it shows the importance of education and how it pays off these high school teens. It shows how hard life will be with a minimum wage job and how it can’t provide a life that they dreamed about and desire. In the last couple of years, we have come across to a big issue, children, and adult dropping out school. People who have completed high school earn more than those who have not, people with bachelor’s degree earn more than those with only an undergraduate education. In the article ‘Giving Kids Opportunity’ by Hector Batista the guy that created a program which helped people without an education to get training that will help them get a job. I don’t think that if these people could have made a living off if their appearance they won’t be coming back to get this jobs training. Which it show the importance of education. His father was very big on education and what it can do for you. This gave these people chance at life and showed them that it is not the end for them. With education I can help children that are in troubled situations and encourage them that there is hope. In this Twenty-First Century, the value of education has taken on a whole new meaning. So no matter what, education is the key that allows people to move up in the world, seek better jobs, and ultimately succeed fully in life. Society usually says the more educated, the better of a person will be. People who attend college tend to work in white collar jobs in office buildings or other facilities. With air-conditioning, heating, and conveniences that improve the quality of life. This will make our lives easier and happier to work somewhere that we like to and education can give us that option. I feel that education is something that no one can take away from us once we have it but on the other hand if you make a living on appearance and you get into a car accident one day and you no longer look beautiful what will you rely on. So don’t be one of the few that tries to make a living on appearance rather than a good education. How to cite There Is a Competiton Between Education and Appearance, Essay examples

Sustainability of Management and Marketing- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSustainability of Management and Marketing for Consumers. Answer: Introduction Marketing and advertising has been considered as an integral approach which aids and assists the business corporation in the attainment and accomplishment of business growth and sustainability. The brand equity is one of the empirical asset of the organization and should be done with efficiency and effectiveness (Armstrong et al., 2015). This will also enable the entity in the attainment of the pre-determined goals and targets. A professional managerial system should be managed and maintained so as to support the corporations functionalities and operations and also execution of the same. All the operations and systems will lead the organization to survive and sustain in the competitive environment. A position of competitive advantage will also be attained which is very essential and will be proven beneficial for the entity. The major focus has been given to the functionalities and practices which are applied and implemented for marketing the goods and services to the targeted consume rs. Moreover, on the basis of the research conducted by the author it has also been analyzed that the concept of marketing management is concerned with the planning, implementing, and controlling of the programs which will offer the consumers a high level of satisfaction. Further, it has also described that the mentioned functionalities are developed in a manner which aids in creation of desired exchanges with the target markets. The main objective is accomplishment of the organizational goals and targets (Barea, 2015). The below executed scenario has been analyzed and concentrated on the management of the marketing and the linked operations which are carried out in the organizational structure of CSL and further the report has comprises of the description of the practices and approaches which are adopted by the organization. Company Background CSL is a multinational corporation which has been operating the business activities in global specialty of bio-therapeutics (CSL 2017). The entity is also involved in offering innovative biotherapies which saves lives and leads the service users to live a healthy and safe life. Moreover, these biotherapies prevent the users from life-threatening medical conditions all these are considered as the key business practices which are conducted by CSL. CSL is a multinational brand name which has been operating the business in the economies like Australia, Germany, Switzerland, United Kingdom and U.S. These are the regions in which the business entity has been offering the major facilities to the services users. The primary activities of the entity comprise of preventing and curing patients with the help of the medications and therapies. Whereas the secondary functionalities and operations comprises of the safeguarding the environment through restoring water, soil and natural resources at ch eap prices. Being a public body in the past the business entity has been following the same policies, rules, and set of norms (CSL 2017). This has been aiding the business entity in attaining and sustaining a competitive advantage in the global business environment due to the governmental considerations and standards are set of ethical policies which are considered as relevant in fulfilling the requirements of the external aspects of external environment that are political, legal and the economic. These functionalities will aid and will promote the business corporation towards the success and growth. As the business organization has been concerned with the operations which are linked and operated as per the standards and rules similar to a public body and hence the prices of the products are quite reasonable. Moreover, the entity is also concerned with the societal and technological concepts and which are also considered as the biggest strengths of the organization (CSL 2017). Apart from CSL, Ba xter and Grifols are two multinational brand names which are also considered as the major rivals and also share the market in the Australian pharmaceutical industry. Planning The concept of strategic planning has been considered as a crucial methodology as it aids the business entity in organizing the operations in an appropriate manner and in accordance with the international market (Bueno, Merino and Murcia, 2016). On the basis of the conducted analysis it has been observed that the business entity has adopted varied range of strategies which aids in attaining the determined objectives and sustaining in the global markets. Apart from this, one of the significant operation iis following the code of conducts and the obligatory requirements and which will enable the business organization to offer qualitative products to the target consumers. By following all these operations and practices the business entity will be leading and gaining adequate benefits in the competitive business environment and a sustained position of competitive advantage over the rivals (Clarysse et al., 2014). The below described are some of the ethics and the values: Innovation: Making adaption of innovative techniques has been considered as the base of the operations and the execution of the practices. This tends the business organization in bringing an enhancement to the organizational performance and productivity. Enhanced performance: Regular and timely updating is done in the operational processes and methodologies so as to enhance the quality of performance and offer and serve the patients with qualitative services. Integrity: This feature has been adopted by the business entity so as to serve the service users and the society with a set of qualitative products and services. This will also aid the business corporation in developing trust among the consumers which will also bring an increase in the level of brand loyalty. Team Work: This approach can be utilized by CSL in which the entity will be focusing on the team work and sense of co-ordination (Grajales III et al., 2014). The team work activities and practices will be aiding the business entity in the accomplishment and attainment of the organizational goals and objectives and that to with greater efficiency and effectiveness. The mission and vision of the business firm will set a distinct image in the global market. The organization makes use of the natural resources and environmental friendly processes are utilized for producing the medicines (Lainez et al., 2017). Moreover, the business entity also has been making use of eco-friendly materials for packaging which has developed a distinct position of the brand in the society. By making adaption of this approach the business entity ha focused on the environmental and societal aspects (Pagell and Shevchenko, 2014). These strategies have been proven very much beneficial for the firm as it aids in attaining and sustaining competitive advantage in the international markets. For instance, attainment of the highest level of satisfaction by offering the best quality of products and services has been considered as the primary goal of the business corporation (Quintana-Garca and Benavides-Velasco, 2016). For making the consumers experience best, the enterprise strives for offering the adequate qualitative and effective medicines and other health related services. Human resource management Human resource is the most valuable asset of the business entity and management of the same is the most crucial concept and which should be executed with an effectiveness and efficiency. An appropriate management of human resource will lead the entity to accomplish and attainment of the targets and goals. Management of the workforce should be done with adequate amount of integrity. HR managers are held responsible for making all this happen (Schaltegger and Burritt, 2014). Adoption of appropriate strategies and approaches should be done so as to develop an efficient management of human resource. Proper management of human resource will lead in offering a high level of productivity. The workforce will be more dedicated and motivated and which will be aiding the business entity in attaining organizational goals and targets. The firm will also be benefited by gaining a competitive advantage over the rivals. The enhanced productivity and quality of services will bring an increase in the market share and also the brand name will be positively gaining a position in the global market. Moreover, the business entity can develop a separate team which will be made involved in the operations of research and development (Short, Toffel and Hugill, 2016). This research and development involves innovation of new technologies and formulas which will be used in the manufacturing of medications etc. This team will also be working for enhancing the quality and the effectiveness of the existing medicines and associated facilities within the organization. Further, adoption of some approaches for developing a sense of cooperation and mutual understanding in teams has been done. Cooperation will tend the teams to serve with better adnd advanced outcomes. This will also bring developments in the skills and capabilities of the individuals within the teams. Leadership CSL has been considered as a leadership group and has moulded the business functions and operations in such a manner that they have enabled themselves in the attainment of the desired goals and the targets (Strand, 2014). This strategy has presented them as a distinct entity and also sets apart from the competitors in the business environment. As the business firm is considered as a global leadership group and this has made them in developing directions which will lead and guide them to attain their objectives. Moreover, the standards are also standards built up by them which are proven effective enough in the accomplishment of the pre-determined targets. A democratic leadership style has been adopted within the business organization for the execution of the operations and functionalities (Tseng, Lim and Wong, 2015). This leadership style has brought up an increase in the involvement of the employees in the managerial operations and decision-making process. This approach has also inc reased the productivity and performance level of the employees as they feel their importance and which increases their dedication and leads to serve better and increased productivity. There should be a balance between both the aspects i.e. requirements of the organization as well that of the employees. By maintaining a balance between both the requirements the entity will be able to attain sustainable position in the competitive businesss environment. Controlling value chain and technology The methodology or the system within the business organization which is utilized for supplying the products and services to the potential consumers can be termed as the system of value chain. In case of CSL it is of very much significance for the entity to have a timely and regular supply of medications and other medical facilities and for the same adoption of an effective supply chain system is to be done. Moreover, technology also plays an integral part in the business organization. As the entity is involved in operating and offering medical services to patients and which involves number of processes and functionalities which are automated. Number of patients is operated by making use of modern systems and equipment (Witcomb 2015). For instance, the therapeutic products is the latest advancement which has been innovated by the entity for curing and preventing the patients. Future managerial strategies The below presented are the approaches and the mechanisms which can be adopted and by concentrating on the same should be done so as to initiate effectiveness in the functionalities: Product strategy: CSL has been offering the medications and associated services which are utilized for preventing and curing the patients from the diseases or illness they are suffering from. The key purpose behind offering the services and medications is to offer the service users with a healthy life. The below mentioned are some of the key products and services offered by CSL: Antivenom Vaccines Other diagnostic products Plasma therapies Focus should also be diverted on the packaging and labeling. The packages should be clear with the details of the products so as to facilitate the consumers. Pricing strategy: Offering various discounted schemes can be considered as an effective approach which can be utilized by the business entity for attaining competitive advantage. This pricing strategy can be termed as competitive pricing strategy which aids the firm in bringing prices of products low in comparison to the rivals. Promotional strategy: Increasing and developing awareness about the products and services is the key function of a promotional strategy. CSL should make adoption of some contemporary promotional strategies. This will aid the entity by bringing an enhancement in making the products available for the potential consumers. Conclusion After summing up the above executed analysis it has been analyzed that CSL is a business entity which offers medical services and associated products the required people which aids in leading a safe and healthy life. The above report has been made focused on the practices and operations which are being executed for sustaining in the competitive business environment. Recommendations A reasonable pricing scheme should be developed for delivering the products. The physical existence or the location should be mostly made available in the areas which are easily accessible for timely availability of the medications. Environmental friendly resources for manufacturing products and eco-friendly packaging materials for packaging the products should be sued. References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015, Marketing: an introduction, Pearson Education. Barea, J.M., 2015, Future challenges and perspectives for applying microbial biotechnology in sustainable agriculture based on a better understanding of plant-microbiome interactions, Journal of soil science and plant nutrition, 15(2), pp.261-282. Bueno, E., Merino, C. and Murcia, C., 2016, Intellectual Capital as a Strategic Model to Create Innovation in New Technology Based Firms, In Competitive Strategies for Small and Medium Enterprises (pp. 93-105). Springer International Publishing. Clarysse, B., Wright, M., Bruneel, J. and Mahajan, A., 2014, Creating value in ecosystems: Crossing the chasm between knowledge and business ecosystems, Research Policy, 43(7), pp.1164-1176. CSL, 2017, Board Management, retrieved from https://www.csl.com.au/about/board-management.htm. CSL, 2017, CSL Behring Acquires Biotech Company Calimmune and its Proprietary Stem Cell Gene Therapy Platform, retrieved from https://www.csl.com.au/investors/CSL-Behring-Acquires-Biotech-Company-Calimmune-and-its-Proprietary-Stem-Cell-Gene-Therapy-Platform. CSL, 2017, Our products areas, retrieved from https://www.csl.com.au/products. Grajales III, F.J., Sheps, S., Ho, K., Novak-Lauscher, H. and Eysenbach, G., 2014, Social media: a review and tutorial of applications in medicine and health care, Journal of medical Internet research, 16(2). Lainez, M., Gonzlez, J.M., Aguilar, A. and Vela, C., 2017, Spanish strategy on bioeconomy: towards a knowledge based sustainable innovation, New Biotechnology. Pagell, M. and Shevchenko, A., 2014, Why research in sustainable supply chain management should have no future, Journal of supply chain management, 50(1), pp.44-55. Quintana-Garca, C. and Benavides-Velasco, C.A., 2016, Gender diversity in top management teams and innovation capabilities: The initial public offerings of biotechnology firms, Long Range Planning, 49(4), pp.507-518. Schaltegger, S. and Burritt, R., 2014, Measuring and managing sustainability performance of supply chains: Review and sustainability supply chain management framework, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 19(3), pp.232-241. Short, J.L., Toffel, M.W. and Hugill, A.R., 2016, Monitoring global supply chains, Strategic Management Journal, 37(9), pp.1878-1897. Strand, R., 2014, Strategic leadership of corporate sustainability, Journal of Business Ethics, 123(4), pp.687-706. Tseng, M., Lim, M. and Wong, W.P., 2015, Sustainable supply chain management: A closed-loop network hierarchical approach, Industrial Management Data Systems, 115(3), pp.436-461. Witcomb, G, 2015, CSl growth to slow as competition rises, retrieved from https://www.intelligentinvestor.com.au/CSLs-growth-to-slow-as-competition-rises